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PSYC112 Lectures > Abnormal Psychology - Lecture Four > Flashcards

Abnormal Psychology - Lecture Four Flashcards

Psychotic and Bipolar Disorders

1
Q

Psychosis

A

Is not a disorder but a group of symptoms that includes delusions, hallucinations and loss of external reality

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2
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Is a mental disorder that involves psychoses symptoms

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3
Q

Symptom clusters of psychoses

A

Positive, negative and disorganised

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4
Q

Current DSM-5 criteria for schizophrenia

A

Diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia: 2 or more of the following symptoms for 6-months:
Delusions
Hallucinations
Disorganised speech
Grossly disorganised or catatonic behaviour
Negative symptoms

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5
Q

Positive symptoms

A

Delusions and hallucinations

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6
Q

Delusions

A

A belief or altered reality that is persistently held despite evidence or agreement to the contrary

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7
Q

Delusions - Persecution

A

Fixed irrational belief that others are out to harm them

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8
Q

Delusions - Grandeur

A

Fixed irrational belief that you have special powers e.g. reincarnation of Jesus

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9
Q

Delusions - Reference

A

When you believe something is irrationally directed to you e.g. the radio/TV is speaking to you

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10
Q

Delusions - Erotomania

A

Fixed irrational belief that someone is in love with them

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11
Q

Delusions - Somatic

A

Fixed irrational belief that you have some form of medical illness or something else that is severely wrong with your body, or something that is implanted in your body

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12
Q

Delusions - Nihilistic

A

The world is about to end or nothing exists

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13
Q

Delusions - Bizzarre vs non-bizzarre

A

Bizarre are implausible, something that cannot happen. Non-bizarre are plausible, something that can possibly happen but is not true

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14
Q

Hallucinations

A

Affect all bodily senses

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15
Q

Auditory

A

Hearing things that are not there. In most cases, they don’t obey the orders but sometimes do.
Most common

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16
Q

Visual

A

Seeing shapes or distorted reality, but usually do not see other people
Quite rare

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17
Q

Olafactory

A

Smell things that are not there

Very rare

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18
Q

Gustafactory

A

Taste things that are not there

Very rare

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19
Q

Tactile

A

Sensational feeling or tingling

Very rare

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20
Q

Disorganised speech or though

A 
Loose association
Neologism
Clang associations
Echolalia 
Echopraxia
Word salad
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21
Q

Loose association

A

Person speaks but the sentences are only loosely connected which makes it difficult to follow what they’re saying

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22
Q

Neologism

A

Words that are made up

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23
Q

Clang associations

A

Every new sentence rhymes with a previous sentence

24
Q

Echolalia

A

Repeating what was said to them

25
Q

Echopraxia

A

Imitating movements of another person

26
Q

Word salad

A

Speaking in a highly incoherent manner where words are jumbled

27
Q

Negative symptoms

A

Remove normal functions, not all present in every patient

28
Q

Affective flattening

A

Where persons actual emotions are not expressed strongly or at all - shallow emotions

29
Q

Alogia

A

Will not produce much speech - poverty of speech

30
Q

Thought-blocking

A

Can’t get their thoughts out in a verbal manner - Thought-blocking

31
Q

Avolition

A

Lack of drive/motivation

32
Q

Anhedonia

A

Inability to experience pleasure or things that they used to enjoy

33
Q

Other important diagnostic criteria of psychotic disorders

A

Temporal criteria
Impairment/deterioration in functioning
Downward drift

34
Q

Phases of psychotic disorders

A

Prodromal - phase where person isn’t fully symptomatic but are developing them
Active - phase where person meets full diagnostic for the criteria
Residual - phase where after long period of treatment some symptoms begin to go away but negatives remain present

35
Q

Other psychotic disorder

A

Schizophreniform Disorder

Schizoaffective Disorder Delusional Disorder

36
Q

Schizophreniform Disorder

A

At least 1-month but less than 6-months with a relatively short duration of symptoms and a good prognosis

37
Q

Schizoaffective Disorder

A

Meets full criteria for diagnosis but also a mood disorder, the symptoms of each are independent
Independent symptoms of SZ and mood disorder

38
Q

Mood disorders with psychotic features

A

ARE NOT PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS

39
Q

Delusion Disorder

A 
1-month or more
Any hallucinations, if present, directly related to delusion
Few or no negative symptoms
Less observable impairment
Rare
Better prognosis
40
Q

Subtypes of Delusion Disorder

A 
Erotomanic type
Grandiose type
Jealous type
Persecutory type
Somatic type
Mixed type
Unspecified type
41
Q

Epidemiology of Psychotic Disorders

A

Occur in all societies, where about 0.7-1.5% of the population suffers/suffered from schizophrenia at some point in their lives and 3/4 of these cases will occur between 15- and 45-years-old

42
Q

Men’s first psychotic break

A

Usually between 18 and 25-years-old

43
Q

Women’s first psychotic break

A

Usually between 25- and 35-years-old

44
Q

Schizophrenia is a brain disorder

A

Neuropsychological deficits
Predisposing Causes
Environmental Causes

45
Q

Aetiology of Psychotic Disorders

A

Birth month (winter & spring)
Viral causes → affects brain development
Pregnancy and birth complications
Maternal drug use

46
Q

Aetiology of schizophrenia

A 
Genetic influences
About 50-60% heritability index – Molecular genetics 
Brain Abnormalities
Enlarged ventricles = smaller brains
Prefrontal hypometabolism
47
Q

About 50-60% heritability index – Molecular genetics

A

DTNBP1, NGR1 – Neurotransmitters; white matter development

COMT, DDNF – Prefrontal functioning

48
Q

Enlarged ventricles = smaller brains

A

Reduced bloodflow

Lower brain volume

49
Q

Prefrontal hypometabolism

A

Less activity, especially left side

50
Q

Biological treatment of Psychotic Disorders 1st Generation Anti-psychotics

A

Reduce positive symptoms
Side effects:
Tardive Dyskinesia
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

51
Q

Biological treatment of Psychotic Disorders 2nd Generation Anti-psychotics

A

Positive and negative symptoms

52
Q

Cognitive treatment for Psychotic Disorders

A

Cognitive rehabilitation

Cognitive restructuring

53
Q

Cognitive rehabilitation

A

Modify over- & under-attention

54
Q

Cognitive restructuring

A

Challenge delusional beliefs

Psychoeducation

55
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

Excessive stiffness and trembling in various parts of the body

PSYC112 Lectures (34 decks)

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