Child - Area 4 Flashcards
What is cognitive development ?
Refers to a way in which children become more skillful thinkers and leaners. Many people thought children thought in same way as adults.
What was piaget’s stages and ages theory ?
Sad it was universal and invariant.
0-2 = sensori-motor = object permanance
2-7 = pre-operational = egocentrism
7-11 = concrete operational = conservation
11+ = formal operational = abstract thinking
What did Piaget also state about cognitive development ?
Said it was down to schemas, which is a mental organisation that is developed by assimilation (new experiences) and accommodation (new schemas).
How did Piaget say children moved through stages of thinking ?
Said new experience causes disequilibrium so needs to go back to equilibrium to change thinking and move through stages.
What was Piaget’s study ?
Small sample of Swiss children using quasi experiment. Iv’s of pre-operational and concrete operational measuring ability to conserve number. Had 2 rows of counters and asked is there same number in each row. Pre-operational said no there is different.
What did Vygotsky say about cognitive development ?
Felt there should be more emphasis on social and cultural interactions and it is not universal.
How did Vygotsky say children developed their cognition ?
MKO’s help intellectual development of younger people by passing on knowledge and skills. This is between 2 minds. Also stated that language was a cultural tools and Vygotsky placed greater emphasis on this and language develops thinking.
What is the zone of proximal development ?
Greatest development takes place in gap between what child understands and what they could understand with an MKO.
What did Bruner state about problem solving ?
Believed learning was understanding concepts or problem solving and the ability to be autonomous and create new thoughts. Supported Vygotsky about language being a cultural tool.
What was Bruner 3 stages ?
Enactive = 0-1 = Actual objects needed to be touched and played with.
Iconic = 1-6 = Objects represented by pictures or icons.
Symbolic = 7+ = words or formula can represent an object.
What did Perry state about college students cognitive development ?
College students pass through a predictable sequence of stages. Data gathered from interviewing Harvard students. College students needed to be dualist and relativist.
What was Perry’s 9 point scheme of cognitive development ?
9 point scheme of intellectual development operates in a cyclical way. they move from 1 to 9 but at any point may encounter areas where they progress back to 1.
1+2 = dualism - repeating memorising
3+4 = multiplicity - exams /investigating
5+6 = procedural - interpreting/ predicting
7+8+9 = commitment - judging, assesing
Background to Wood et al ?
Bruner argues that children are natural problem solvers. Intervention of someone else involves scaffolding so tutor controls aspects of tasks.
What did Wood argue ?
Argued that children have to recognise what solution would look like before producing steps to solving it without help.
What did Clinchy state ?
Children recognised difference between good and bad strategy but could not produce good strategies themselves.
Aims of Wood et al ?
To investigate a ‘natural’ tutorial session to gain knowledge on relationship with child and his elders and to study process of skill acquisition and problem solving.
Method of Wood et al?
Controlled observation in a lab environment.
Sample of Wood et al ?
30 children aged 3,4 and 5. 5 boys and girls in each group from middle to lower class within 5 mile radius of Massachusetts, USA. Parents volunteered and accompanied their children lasting 20-60 minutes.
What was the task in Wood et al ?
Was fun and had lots of features and was easy for child’s capabilities but complex enough to extend child. Had to construct pyramid from jumbled blocks.
Procedure of Wood et al ?
Tutor allowed every child to do as much for themselves as possible. They were tutored individually.
21 blocks spread out, had 5 min free play and then tutor took 2 blocks and showed how they could be joined as a pair. Tailored behaviour to 3 possible responses by the child.
What were 3 possible responses from children in Wood et al ?
1) If child ignored tutor and continued to play- tutor demonstrated.
2) If child selected blocks themselves but missed parts of process - tutor asked to compare.
3) If child took blocks presented by tutor to construct for themselves.
What was the scanning system in Wood et al ?
Each act was:
-Constructed by tutor
-Unassisted after selecting themselves
-Assisted manipulating after tutor
-Unassisted manipulating for themselves.
Results of total constructions ?
Showed no significant difference in overall activity between age groups.
Results of pairing acts ?
None of 3 y/o put blocks together but 4 and 5 y/o did as 3 y/o needed more help form tutor.
Results of tutor help ?
Younger children need more help especially when unassisted.
Results of tutorial help ?
Older the child, less assistance from tutor but needed more tutorial help.
Results for type of tutor intervention ?
Number of interventions dropped by half from 3-4 and from 4-5. Shifted from showing to telling from 3-4.
What are some memory aids ?
Attaching meaning, cues, repetition, mnemonics, mind maps, acronym and method of loci.
What are some cognitive strategies ?
Vygotsky ZPD and MKO’s.
Piaget discovery learning and key stages.
Bruner touching to learn
Scaffolding and kinaesthetic learning.
