Child - Area 1 Flashcards
What are IQ tests ?
They measure processing and are used in medicine, developmental disorder, army, job interviews and psychometric testing.
What 3 things makes up intelligence ?
Understanding complex ideas, adapting effectively to the environment and to learn from experience.
What was the ‘G’ factor ?
Created by Spearman and is used as a factor analysis studying relationship between cognitive factors and mental ability. Test was measuring sam mental ability, know as General Intelligence.
What was the ‘S’ factor ?
Tested ‘s’ to measure specific skills and abilities in particular limited areas. ‘G’ and ‘S’ combined make up intelligence.
What did Cattel propose about intelligence ?
Proposed fluid and crystallised model of intelligence.
What did Cattel say fluid intelligence was ?
Fluid was the ability to reason and problem solve without experience so is independent of how much practice or education you have had.
What did Cattel say crystallised intelligence was ?
Crystallised is the ability to aquire knowledge through learning and experience.
What is the three striatum model ?
Caroll further developed single notion of intelligence.
What theory did Gardener propose about intelligence ?
Suggested multiple intelligence theory. States that we posses all abilities to a greater or lesser degree. Eg. a person may have high maths intelligence but a lower musical intelligence.
What was the triarchic theory of intelligence ?
Created by Sternberg and proposed successful intelligence involving 3 factors.
-Analytical intelligence
-Creating intelligence
-Practical intelligence
What did Mayer et al suggest about intelligence ?
Stated intelligence was the ability to recognise meaning of emotions and reason and problem solve on basis of them.
-Self awareness, self management, social awareness, relationship management.
Why are twin studies used ?
Used to discover extent of genetic influence relative to environmental factors.
What did McGee look at with twin studies ?
Reviewed results of over 100 studies comparing concordance rates for different degrees of genetic relationships.
What did McGue find with twin studies ?
Average concordance for MZ twins is 0.86 but for DZ is 0.60. 40-80% of variation in IQ scores is due to genetic influence.
What are adoption studies used for ?
Can compare biological parents and environmental influences within offspring of intelligence.
What did McGee look at with adoption studies ?
Showed MZ twins raised apart was 0.72 higher than DZ twins raised together at 0.60.
What did McGue find with adoption studies ?
Despite being raised in different families, MZ twins’ IQ was similar than IQ of DZ twins who were raised together. Indicates a significant role for heritability in intelligence and smaller role for environmental factors.
What is the link with brain size and intelligence ?
Small correlation with head size and IQ. Greater correlation of 0.35 between brain size and IQ. moderate link with brain and intelligence.
What did Haier et al find with intelligence and brain areas ?
Review of 37 brain scan studies and found intelligence may be correlated with intelligence with volumes in pre-frontal cortex.
Certain areas of brain may be more useful in understanding biological basis for intelligence.
What is the link with grey matter and intelligence ?
More and grey and white matter, the greater their processing capacity.
What did Luder suggest about grey matter and intelligence ?
Louder said higher IQ scores are correlated with higher amounts of grey and white matter.
What did Flynn state about nutrition and intelligence ?
First to identify link with IQ and nutrition. Consistent gain in IQ is the Flynn effect.
What did Brody state about nutrition and intelligence ?
Nutrition is part of bio environment. Absence of certain nutrients are associated are with intellectual impairments.
What did Ming Quinn et al state about nutrients and intelligence ?
Dietary deficiency of nutrient iodine was linked with average decrease in IQ of 22 points in China.
What is phenotypic assortment ?
People mate with similar intelligence partners to themselves.
What is social homogamy ?
Form relationships with people who share similar environments to us and therefore end up mating with people of similar intelligence.
What did previous studies show about genotype and environment ?
Previous studies show parental levels of intelligence play little or no role in environment. More likely that parents provide children with environments that match their own genotype. This is cultural transmission.
What were the aims in Van Leewan ?
-Compact extened study considering assumptions.
-Test which of 2 models is better explanation of variation in IQ scores.
-Investigate bio factors/ environmental factors affecting intelligence more.
-Calculate unbiased heritability estimate for IQ.
What is the method of Van Leewan ?
Twin family design which is correlations of IQ of twins, siblings and parents.
What is the sample of Van Leewan ?
214 Dutch families inviting them to take part in study. Selected from Netherlands twin registry.
Contacted by phone 2 weeks later 112 agreed to take part and they all signed consent forms.
What were the materials in Van Leewan ?
Children intelligence is measured by Ravens Progressive Matrices. Parents tested through advanced version. Both tests provide scores that indicates general intelligence.
What was the procedure of Van Leewan ?
Visited uni to be tested and completed tests in separate rooms.
Took 5h including breaks.
Twin status established by cheek swabs at home. Standardised methods but cheek swab was used for 2 pairs and were given questionnaires instead.
What was the findings of Van Leewan ?
Correlation on scores of IQ where higher for MZ twins than siblings, parents and DZ twins.
No significant sex differences were found.
Correlation of IQ between couples was significant, suggesting that individuals are more likely to mate with people of a similar ability.
Genetics account for 67% of intelligence with the remainder being explained by environmental factors.
What is the Weschler intelligence scale ?
Is a widely used IQ test in western world for children between 6-16. Has been updated 4 time and states that intelligence is multifaceted.
How does the Weschler intelligence scale measure intelligence ?
Measures 5 forms of intellectual function, known as primary index: verbal comprehension, working memory, perceptual organisation and processing speed.
Used trained testers, face to face ranging from 15min to 2 hours. Can produce separate scores for various aspects of child’s intellectual functioning.
What is the Ravens progressive matrices test ?
Non verbal tests so are less culturally biased. Asses fluid intelligence and measure educative ability. Tests measure intelligence in a way that does not depend on language ability. Has standard, advanced and colour matrices test.
What is Goodenough Harris drawing test ?
Draw man and woman. Analyse features and absence of features giving intelligence estimation. Easier to administer. 15-45 min of groups and individuals. Single raw score to standard score.
What is the standard Goodenough Harris test ?
60 items and ppt has to select appropriate one.
What is the advanced Goodenough Harris test ?
48 items with increasing difficulty.
