Child - Area 3 Flashcards
What is perception ?
Perception is an organisation of an interpretation of sensory information. It is a combination of sensory information received by sensory receptors and brain interpretations.
What is top down processing ?
Processing before seeing. Brain dominates senses.
What is bottom up processing ?
Seeing before perceiving. Is data driven.
What is the nativist view ?
Human are born with at least some genetically pre-disposed perceptual ability.
What is the constructivist view ?
Perceptual abilities develop through learning as we make sense of the sensation we experience.
What is the interactionist view ?
Born with strong pre-disposition for survival. These develop in response to experiences.
How does the brain develop depth cues ?
Brains can interpret depth cues. We can perceive objects as constant even though we see them from varied angles and distances.
What are constancies ?
Objects remained unchanged even though we perceive them as unchanged. Can have colour, shape and size constancies.
What are the types of depth cues ?
Linear perspective, height in plane, superimposition, texture gradient.
What did Bower state about depth perception ?
Tested abilities of babies between 8-17 to perceive depth distance in a situation important for their survival. Showed 2 cube objects, 20cm and 8cm away.
Images of the object projected onto babies retinas would be the same size.
What did Hudson state about depth perception ?
Showed several drawings 2D, to South African children who formerly had primary education. Schooled ppts said the antelope and unschooled said the elephant as the unschooled could not recognise depth implying that depth perception is learnt and unschooled had less experience of these images.
What did Fanz say about face perception in babies ?
Showed newborn babies black and white representation of human face. Babies looked at images that was a clearer representation of the human face.
Young babies showed no preference for correct image over scrambled, but they did at 3 months.
What is preferential looking ?
Assumes babies and young animals generally look at things they find interesting. Measure amount of time spent looking at 2 stimuli. Researchers can video babies eye movements ti get objective and accurate measures.
What is habituation/ dishabituation ?
Babies spend longer looking at something novel but once they are used to it, they will look elsewhere. Records of how long babies look at it. This is repeated as they become used to stimulus. This is habituation.
What is an electroencephalogram ?
Babies EEG can be recorded placing geodesic sensor net over their head. A collection os sensors measure electrical activity all over the brain held by a swimming cap.
What did Farzin et all look at ?
Used G net with 128 sensors to measure steady state of visual potentials in babies.
What is dark rearing ?
Rearing infant animals in dark is common for perception. Blakemore and Cooper used this. Dark reared animals are deprived of perceptual stimulation. If animals are capable of same as light reared, this suggests perception is innate.
What were the aims of Gibson and Walk ?
To investigate the ability to perceive and avoid a drop is learnt.
Discover point of development of depth perception and whether this varies in different animal species.
To test which 2 visual cues is more important in depth perception density of pattern or motion parallax.
What type of experiment is Gibson and walk ?
Lab experiment (quasi experiment with animals).
What type of experimental design is Gibson and Walk ?
Repeated measures design.
What are the IV’s of Gibson and Walk ?
Shallow or deep side of the cliff.
What is the DV of Gibson and Walk ?
Whether the baby could cross the visual cliff.
What is the sample of Gibson and Walk ?
36 human babies aged 14 months all capable of independent locomotion. Infants of other animals: chicks, lambs, kittens who were all dark reared.
Animals were self-selected, advertised in Vets4Pets magazine and verbally gave consent.
What is the procedure of Gibson and Walk ?
Board was laid across large sheet os head glass. One side of material was laid on the glass and the other side was laid on the floor. Children were placed on the centre of board and mother called them from cliff side to shallow side.
What were some controls of Gibson and Walk ?
Reflections were removed by lighting from below.
Texture density - increased size of squares on deep sides they all appeared the same size.
Motion parallax = attached to material directly onto glass on both sides squares were larger on shallow side to give the appearance they were closer.
What are the results of Gibson and Walk babies ?
27 infants crawled off the board and only 3 crawled off brink onto glass. Many crawled away from the mother, when she called them from the cliff side and some crib because they couldn’t get to her.
Infants often peered down but would refuse to cross.
What were the results of animals in Gibson and Walk ?
Rats could feel glass with whiskers so had no preference for shallow side. When board was raised, 95-100% descended on shallow side.
Kittens demonstrated excellent depth discrimination. At 4 weeks, they almost chose shallow side on a glass of deep side they froze or circled around aimlessly.
Turtles showed poorest performance with 76% crawling off board to shallow side.
What were the conclusion of Gibson and Walk ?
Most humans are able to discriminate depth as they can crawl.
A seeing animal can discriminate depth when locomotion is adequate but infants shouldn’t be left near an edge.
Depth perception in chicks, goats and kittens develop quickly but rats and kittens use their whiskers to help depth perception.
Aquatic turtles have good depth perception but is innate in rats and maturational in kittens.
What is Sensory Integrative therapy ?
Strategy designed to help people cope with sensory and perceptual difficulties.
Who created the SI therapy ?
Ayres who rejected the ideas that sensory systems develop independently. Proposed that SI therapy could develop[ improved learning, visual an auditory perception and advanced motor skills by facilitating synthesis of sensory perception.
How is SI therapy carried out ?
Therapist conducts and initial assessment of Childs sensory issues. Then develops personalised treatment programme using appropriate techniques and tools.
Skills include, brushing on skin, rolling/sitting on a bouncy ball, weighted vest or dancing to music.
What di Fertel-Daly say about SI therapy ?
Found use of weighted vest for children resulted in increased attention to tasks and a decrease in self injury of behaviours.
What did Fazlioglu and Baron say about SI therapy ?
SI therapy programmes positively affected children with ASD as compared to control group who did not participate.
What did Case-smith state about SI therapy ?
Looked at 19 studies and found little effectiveness because of poor methodological quality.
What did Sharlene - Newman state about developing constancies ?
Used 8 y/o children to loom at the effects of structured block play. Children showed improvement within 30 minutes in their ability to mentally rotate objects.
