Child and adolescent psychiatry Flashcards
1
Q
What is importnat about adrenaline?
A
Adrenaline causes maternal stress during pregnancy. Impacts parent child interactions during childhood. Then the childhood onset anxiety illness then the cycle continues
2
Q
What is the anxiety response
A
3
Q
What is infant attachment cycle?
A
4
Q
Where do child psychiatrists intervene?
A
5
Q
What are the treatments for anxiety?
A
6
Q
What medications can treat psychological disorders?
A
7
Q
What is developmental psychopathplpgy?
A
- Developmental psychopathology is an approach or field of study designed to better understand the complexities of human development.
- Several key questions guide developmental psychopathology.
- How are individuals similar to and different from each other in the healthy and maladaptive paths they take as they grow older?
- What accounts for why individuals experience differences in psychological functioning over time?
- What characteristics within (genes, personality) and outside (family relationships, neighbourhoods) the individual are responsible for similarities and differences in psychological development over time?
- What consequences do people’s histories of experiences, coping, and adjustment have on their subsequent mental health?
- Understanding why some children develop disorders or maladaptation whereas other children develop normally necessitates considering a whole host of factors that may undermine or foster healthy adjustment.
8
Q
How does parenting and development effect child development?
A
- The way parents interact with children is a key factor that affects children’s development.
- However, the impact of parenting practices on children is affected by other characteristics in the larger ecological context, including child or parent characteristics (temperament, personality), the quality of family relationships, and parameters in the community (neighbourhood, schools, peer relations) and culture.
- The effects of various parenting practices on children vary across different ethnic groups.
- Although strict parental discipline styles increase children’s risk for psychological difficulties (anxiety, depression, submissiveness, poor self-confidence) among white families, the same discipline styles pose little or no risk for children in Asian or African U.S. families.
- The same parenting practices take on different meanings in families with different cultural backgrounds.
- For example, strict control may be interpreted as a sign of involved, caring, and effective parenting within certain ethnic and cultural groups.
- Child development is best understood as embedded in a variety of social and ecological contexts, including community, cultural, and ethnicity.
- Both normal and abnormal development are regarded as a cumulative result of multiple influences originating in the child, family, and larger community or cultural setting.
9
Q
What are the risk factors for psychological difficulties?
A
- Family risk factors include:
- Child maltreatment
- Parental rejection
- Inconsistent or harsh discipline practices
- Parental conflict
- Parental mental illness
- Substance use
- Exposure to even the most harmful risk factors does not doom all or even most children to a life of psychological problems.
- Children exposed to the same risk factor may have a range of healthy and maladaptive psychological outcomes.
- Although parental depression is one of the most robust risk factors, children of depressed parents exhibit a wide range of adaptive and maladaptive outcomes (depression, anxiety, aggression, academic problems).
- Exposure to parental mental illness does not affect children in a psychological vacuum.
- Parental psychopathology (depression, alcoholism) often co-occurs with other risk factors:
- Familial (marital discord, poor extended family relations).
- Sociocultural (poverty, community isolation)
- Biological (transmission of risk through genes, substances, birth complications, temperament).
10
Q
WHat are mediating mechanisms?
A
- The search for mediators answers the question of “how” and “why” risk conditions lead to maladaptive outcomes.
- Mediators are the processes or mechanisms that explain or account for why family characteristics increase children’s risk for psychopathology.
- In parental depression, a primary goal of a developmental psychopathologist would be to identify the mechanisms by which parental depression leads to child behaviour problems.
11
Q
What are moderating mechanisms?
A
- Moderators in models of risk answers questions of “who” is a greatest risk and “when” is the risk greatest.
- The assumption is that the likelihood that a risk factor leads to disorder varies across different individuals and conditions.
- Answering the question of who is at greatest risk involves searching for attributes of the person (gender, temperament, personality) that might amplify or increase the likelihood that they will experience a disorder when exposed to risk.
- Parental discord is especially likely to increase psychological problems for children who have difficult, rather than easy, temperaments.
- Attributes outside the person (family, school, community, peers) may also intensify the effects of the risk factor.
12
Q
What does the trauma and the limbic system video show?
A
Thalamus collates data to amygdyla which is the emergency alarm, then goes down to security card which is sympathetic nervous system- shoot or take cover and at the same time as this a message is sent to mission control which is the medial prefrontal cortex- makes an informed resonse.
Trauma makes machine fire off too much and thalamus fires too mcuh
13
Q
How does resilience affect child and adolescent psychiatry?
A
- Even when multiple risk factors are present, many, if not most, children at risk develop along normal, adaptive trajectories.
- Developmental psychopathologists use the term resilience to refer to children who develop competently and adapt successfully to life’s challenges under adverse conditions.
- Resilience, by definition, cannot occur without some appreciable risk.
- Thus, a primary challenge is to distinguish between two general groups of children:
- (a) the relatively “normal” children, who experience minimal or no adverse conditions, and
- (b) the resilient children, who developed relatively normally in the face of considerable risk.
- It cannot be assumed that children of depressed parents who experience healthy development are resilient.
- Some of these children may, in fact, experience contexts of development characterized by caregiver warmth, consistent discipline, safe and supportive neighbourhoods, and high quality schools.
- The competence of some of these children may result from the absence of risk rather than the presence of resilience.
14
Q
What are protective factors?
A
- Once people who meet the criteria for exhibiting resilience are identified, the next step is to search for the protective factors that account for their healthy outcomes.
- Protective factors dilute or counteract the negative effects of risk factors.
- Like risk factors, protective factors can be characteristics of the individual (personality) or the larger ecological setting (family, school, peers).
- For example, child intelligence appears to offset the negative effects of inter-parental conflict on children.
- Likewise, various family characteristics and relationships (parental warmth, good sibling relations) appear to act as buffers that help shield children from the risk posed by parental conflict.
15
Q
What is important about risk and resilience in child and adolescent psychiatry?
A
- Disorders often follow the course of several stages, including:
- Onset
- Maintenance (continuation of symptoms)
- Remission (temporary alleviation of symptoms)
- Recurrence (redevelopment of symptoms)
- Termination
- Each of these stages of maladaptation may be associated with different sets of factors, causes, and consequences.
- Family conflict may play a causal role in the onset of children’s conduct problems, but peers and teachers may maintain or further intensify the problems even in the face of marked reductions in family conflict.
