Chick v1 Flashcards
type of egg that can survive on land
amniote egg
puddle of non-yolky cytoplasm that sits atop the yolk
blastodisc
complete type of cleavage in chick embryo
meroblastic and discoidal
3 layers of the shell (indicate which is/are calcified)
mammillary layer (calcified) spongy layer (calcified) cuticular membrane (outermost; not calcified)
number of hours taken from ovulation to laying of the egg
24 hours
composition of albumen
water (88%) and glycoproteins
enumerate the proteins found in the albumen (indicate their functions)
ovalbumen (most abundant)
lysozyme (antibacterial; disrupts bacterial cell walls)
ovotransferrin (antibacterial; binds iron)
avidin (antibacterial; binds biotin)
ovomucin (antiviral)
cystatin (antiviral)
first step in chick gastrulation
delamination
stage of oocyte upon ovulation
secondary oocyte
phenomenon where one sperm pronucleus fuses with the egg pronucleus
physiological polyspermy
enumerate the 3 yolk lipids
glycerides
phospholipids
sterol
number of days before a duck egg hatches
27 days
where notochordal cells diverge, ingress, and migrate forward rather than laterally
Hensen’s node
line of ingression that is analogous to the dorsal lip of the blastopore
primitive streak
2 layers formed during delamination (indicate what layers they are made of)
epiblast (consisting of presumptive ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
hypoblast (consisting of extraembryonic endoderm)
the anterior-to-posterior wave of progression of the primitive streak
regression of the primitive streak
the region in a gastrulating chick that induces the formation of the primitive streak and Hensen’s node
Koller’s sickle region
enumerate the 4 extra-embryonic membranes (indicate their functions)
amnion (provides isotonic fluid and buffering)
chorion (serves as protection)
allantois (stores nitrogenous waste in the form of uric acid)
yolk sac (brings yolk nutrients back to embryo proper)
defect in which the neural plate does not fully close
spina bifida
also called the “primary organizer” because it can induce the axial organization of the embryo
notochordal mesoderm
enumerate examples of structures formed by the neural crest cells
pigment cells (but not pigmented retina) membrane bones in face and skull dentine-secreting cells of teeth adrenal medulla sympathetic ganglia
3 subdivisions of somites (indicate what they will form)
sclerotome (forms vertebrate and ribs)
myotome (forms skeletal muscles of back and appendages)
dermatome (gives rise to dermis)
reason why the proamnion is clear
it consists of only the endoderm and ectoderm
trace the path of a mature ovum traveling through the oviduct (indicate what happens in each part)
fimbria infundibulum (site of fertilization)
magnum (secretes albumen)
isthmus (addition of chalazae and inner/outer shell membranes
uterus (plumping; addition of salts and water)
vagina
cloaca
space that separates blastoderm from yolk
subgerminal cavity
nutrients found in egg yolk
water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
region of blastoderm still connected to underlying yolk
area opaca
shows location of each germ layer prior to gastrulation and its route of travel during gastrulation
fate map
enumerate and differentiate the 2 subdivisions of the area opaca
area vitellina (outer; contains yolk granules) area vasculosa (inner; where blood islands are forming)
the transition between the closed foregut and open midgut
anterior intestinal portal
describe how the open neural plate folds into a closed neural tube
caused by a change in shape of the neural plate cells from cuboidal to truncated pyramidal; due to contraction of actin and myosin filaments
when does a chick heart start beating?
at 48 hours into development
evagination of the posterior pituitary
infundibulum (eventually becomes pituitary gland)
highly vascularized region that secretes cerebrospinal fluid
anterior choroid plexus
evagination of diencephalon roof
epiphysis (eventually becomes pineal gland)
function of pineal gland
secretes melatonin that controls seasonal and circadian rhythms
2 regions of pituitary gland (indicate the hormones that each secretes)
neurohypophysis (oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone)
adenohypophysis (thyroid stimulating hormones, luteinizing hormones, etc.)
pacemaker of a vertebrate heart
sinoatrial node
space between the head and the pro amnion (head fold that undercuts embryo)
subcephalic pocket
enumerate the 5 major processes that occur in chick gastrulation
- delamination
- medio-lateral intercalation
- convergent extension
- formation of primitive streak
- ingression of endoderm and mesoderm
egg white disease causes a deficiency in what vitamin?
biotin/vitamin H
staging series for chick
Hamburger and Hamilton
space between somatopleure and splanchnopleure
coelomic space
describe the chick heart at 33 hours into development
relatively straight tube with 4 chambers
the blood vessel that marks the terminal channel of the vitelline circulation
sinus terminalis
series of enlargements along the myelencephalon; these become associated with a specific set of motor and sensory nerves
neuromeres
requirements of incubator
forced-draft (has fan)
humidified (57% relative humidity)
37.5-38 degrees Celsius
how should eggs be incubated?
with the blunt side on top
region of heart that receives blood and delivers it to the conus arteriosus
ventricle
day of development when heart forms
day 2
day of development when beak forms
day 6
day of development when head turns towards large end of egg
day 14
day of development when gut draws into abdomen
day 15
day of development when yolk sac is absorbed
day 18
day of development when chick starts pipping (internal and external)
day 20
Where in the egg is the air space located?
blunt side
suspend the yolk in the middle of the albumen and allow it to rotate
chalazae
cells produced during cleavage
blastomeres
By the time the egg is laid, the embryo is undergoing
gastrulation
located between the two rows of somites, in the midline underneath the neural ectoderm
notochord
3 major subdivisions of the brain
prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
5 subdivisions of the brain
telen, dien, mesen, meten, myelen
These are epidermal thickenings on the side of the head in the region of the
myelencephalon.
otic placodes
These are evaginations of the lateral walls of the diencephalon. They grow close to the
head epidermis and will induce it to form the lens of the eye.
optic vesicle
Typical of chordates. These form embryonically. In organisms with gills, they will form the gill slits. In higher vertebrates, they are transformed into structures such as the eustachian tube and cavity of the middle ear, the epithelium of the tonsils, thymus, parathyroid, and ultimobranchial bodies.
pharyngeal pouches
How to check condition of egg?
Candling
At hatching, the process of a baby bird breaking through its shell
Pipping
The paired arteries that connect the ventral aorta to the dorsal aorta. They are the blood vessels of the visceral (pharyngeal) arches, one pair per visceral arch.
aortic arch
In a chick embryo, the inner extraembryonic region that is separated from the yolk by a subgerminal cavity. This area looks lighter and more translucent than the surrounding area because of the space below it.
area pellucida
In a vertebrate, the anterior-most region of the brain, also called the telencephalon. It is associated with olfactory organs and the sense of smell, as well as being the center of intelligence.
cerebrum
_________’s lateral evaginations form the _____, a ventral evagination forms the _______, and a dorsal evagination forms the _______.
Diencephalon’s; optic vesicle; infundibulum; epiphysis
During gastrulation, the type of cell movement that involves cells moving inward as individual cells.
ingression
The folding inward of a sheet of cells
invagination
The veins coming from the extraembryonic regions that enter the posterior chamber of
the heart.
vitelline veins
