Chemo pt 2 slides 1-20 Flashcards
what are the 5 antimicrobial drug classes
inhibition of bacterial metabolic pathways
inhibition of cell wall synthesis
inhibition of protein synthesis
Inhibition of nucleic acid replication and transcription
disruption of plasma membrane
what antimicrobial drug class is the most used antibiotics
those that inhibit cell wall synthesis
antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis are most effective versus bacteria in the _____ phase
growth
what are the 4 classifications of penicillins
natural
resistant to beta-lactamases
broad spectrum
especially useful vs pseudomonas bacteria
what do penicillins target on bacteria
peptidoglycan layer on bacteria
name 2 natural penicillins
Penicillin G
Penicillin V
what natural penicillin is administered parenterally and why
Penicillin G - because it is not stable in gastric acid
what natural penicillin is stable in acidic environment and administered orally
Penicillin V
Natural penicillins are susceptible to degradation by what enzyme
Beta-lactamase
name 3 reasons you would use natural penicllins
group A streptococcus
group B streptococcus
Tooth infections
how do beta-lactamases affect antibiotics
they break open the beta-lactam ring found in certain antibiotics
name two beta-lactamase inhibitors
tazobactam
clavulanic acid
tazobactam and clavulanic acid are examples of what types of drug
beta-lactamase inhibitors
penicillin’s are most effective against what kind of bacteria
Gram positive
what are two broader spectrum penicillins that add gram- coverage
ampicillin
amoxicillin
name two B-lactamase resistant penicillins
cloxacillin
methicillin
name an extended spectrum penicillin that is effective against pseudomonas
piperacillin
piperacillin is what kind of drug
an extended spectrum penicillin that is effective against pseudomonas
cloxacillin
methicillin are what kinds of drugs
B-lactamase resistant penicillin
ampicillin
amoxicillin are what kind of drugs
broader spectrum penicillins that add gram- coverage
does penicillin have a rapid or slow elimination by kidneys
rapid
what are some adverse effects of penicillins
anaphylactic reactions
urticaria
drug rash
serum sickness
nephritis
hemolytic anemia
cephalosporins have a chemical structure resembling what drugs
penicillins
cephalosporins are grouped into 5 generations based on what
order of discovery
describe the activity versus gram +/- drugs from the 1st-3rd generation of cephalosporins
activity vs gram- increases
activity vs gram+ decreases
4/5th generation of cephalosporins add to spectrum of 3rd generation by targeting what
resistant bacteria:
pseudomonas
MRSA
name 2 drugs and their route for 1st generation cephalosporins
cefazolin (Ancef) iv
cephalexin (Keflex) po
name two drugs that are 2nd generation cephalosporins
cefprozil
cefuroxime
name three drugs that are 3rd generation cephalosporins
ceftriaxone
ceftazidime
cefixime
name a drug that’s a 4th generation cephalosporin
cefepime
name a drug that’s a 5th generation cephalosporin
ceftobiprole
name 2 adverse effects of cephalosporins
hypersensitivity reactions
some inhibit the metabolism of alcohol
what kind of drug has a disulfiram-like effect?
Cephalosporins
what does disulfiram do
inhibits ALDH
what does ALDH stand for
aldehyde dehydrogenase
what does ALDH do
metabolizes alcohol from acetaldehyde to acetate
name an example of a carbapenem drug
meropenem
why do carbapenems have controlled use
they’re resistant to B-lactamases
why are certain Enterobacteriaceae resistant to carbapenems
they produce an inactivating enzyme called carbapenemase
what kinds of enterobacteriaceae are resistat to carbapenems
CRE (carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae)
name an example of a monobactam
aztreonam
what kind of bacteria would you use monobactams for
gram- aerobic bacteria
what antimicrobial drug class do monobactams belong to
inhibition of cell wall synthesis
what antimicrobial drug class do carbapenems belong to
inhibition of cell wall synthesis
what antimicrobial drug class do cephalosporins belong to
inhibition of cell wall synthesis
how would you use monobactams to treat p. aeruginosa for CF patients
administered inhalation for 28 days
are there a lot of cross reactions with monobactams if patients are hypersensitive to other beta lactams?
nope
what type of drug is bacitracin
a non-beta lactam antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis
what type of drug is vancomycin
a non-beta lactam antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis
what is the route of administration for bacitracin
topical - eyes, nose, skin
what is vancomycin used to treat
very difficult/resistant micro-organisms (MRSA and C. diff)
how is vancomycin normally administered
IV - poor F if given orally
what are some adverse effects of vancomycin
infusion-related flushing
rash
hypotension
nephrotoxicity
resistance in enterococci
what are the four types of drugs that inhibit protein synthesis
macrolides
chloramphenicol
aminoglycosides
tetracyclines
