Chemistry portion

Question 1

Identify the main chemical elements of the human body.

Answer 1

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

Question 2

Describe the structures of atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds.

Answer 2

Atoms are the smallest units of matter that are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus and electrons are found in the orbitals.

Ions are charged particles, they are called cations if positively charged and anions if negatively charged.

Molecules are made when two or more atoms share electrons.
A compound is a substance that contains atoms of two or more elements.

Question 3

Distinguish among ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds.

Answer 3

ionic- a bond in which electrons are transferred from one atom to another(the difference in EN is large)

covalent- a bond in which electrons are shared between atoms(the difference in EN is small)

hydrogen bond- result from attraction of oppositely charged parts of
molecules

Question 4

Describe the role of activation energy and catalysts in chemical reactions.

Answer 4

Activation energy is the energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction

Catalysts speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur

Question 5

Describe the properties of water and those of inorganic acids, bases, and salts.

Answer 5

Water
-Inorganic compound
-polar
-Solvent
-High heat capacity
-High heat of vaporization

inorganic acids, bases, and salts.
-Dissociate
-An acid is a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (h+) and one or more anions.
-A base removes H+ from a solution
-A salt, when dissolved in water, dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH−

Question 6

Define pH and explain the role of buffer systems in homeostasis.

Answer 6

pH is the acidity of a solution. Buffer systems can change pH drastically, meaning they can change the body’s metabolism, disrupting homeostasis

Question 7

Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules.

Answer 7

Carbon’s ability to form stable bonds with many elements, including itself allows carbon to form a huge variety of very large and complex molecules.
Each type of functional group has a specific arrangement of atoms that gives characteristic chemical properties to the organic molecule attached to it.

Question 8

Describe the functional groups of organic molecules.

Answer 8

Functional groups are the portion of a molecule that is capable of characteristic reactions.

Question 9

Contrast dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

Answer 9

dehydration synthesis:
When a new monomer is added to the growing polymer, a water molecule is dropped out, making it dehydration synthesis (loss of water).
-endergonic

hydrolysis:
decomposition reactions break polymers into monomers, by the addition of water molecules. The water molecule cut apart the monomers, as the OH and the H atom from the water molecules are used to “cap off” the newly cut monomers, so they don’t bond together again.
-exergonic