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Chemistry / Chemical Safety Flashcards

Knowledge of the basics of chemistry, elements, and properties. Understanding of chemical safety procedures (96 cards)

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1
Q

IMPORTANT ✍🏼

A

Chemistry is the study of CHEMICALS and CHEMICAL CHANGES which makes LIFE on EARTH possible. The daily functioning of our bodies is based on chemical reactions on our hair, skin, and nails

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2
Q

The effects of cosmetics and beauty products are based on…

A

how the body REACTS to CHEMICALS

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3
Q

Why do estheticians need to understand and have thorough knowledge of CHEMISTRY?

A

Estheticians need to understand and know how different chemicals affect the hair, skin, and nails. They need to be able to choose the CORRECT PRODUCTS for each client’s particular/SPECIFIC NEEDS

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4
Q

Why is CHEMICAL SAFETY important in ESTHETICS?

A

It is IMPORTANT to follow the procedures for handling chemicals in a salon or spa by reading the labels and following the manufacturer’s instructions to keep CLIENTS and THEMSELVES SAFE

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5
Q

Which term is the SCIENCE that deals with the COMPOSITION, STRUCTURES, and PROPERTIES of matter and how MATTER changes under different conditions?

A

Chemistry

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6
Q

Which term describes any SUBSTANCE that OCCUPIES SPACE and has MASS (weight)?

A

Matter

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7
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: MATTER has PHYSICAL PROPERTIES we can TOUCH, TASTE, SMELL, or SEE

A

TRUE

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8
Q

Is Energy Matter?

A

Energy is NOT MATTER because the visible light created by electrical sparks are FORMS of ENERGY which does NOT occupy SPACE or have MASS

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9
Q

Which term is the SIMPLEST form of CHEMICAL MATTER and contains only ONE type of ATOM? (Hint: CANNOT be broken down into a simpler substance without loss of identity)

A

Element

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10
Q

ALL matter in the universe is made up of ELEMENTS that have their own…

A

DISTINCT PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

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11
Q

Which term is the BASIC UNIT of MATTER, with a nucleus at the center? {surrounded by NEGATIVELY CHARGED ELECTRONS that move around the NUCLEUS?}

A

Atoms

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12
Q

1) ELECTRONS are…
2) PROTONS are…
3) NEUTRONS are…

A

1) NEGATIVELY CHARGED
2) subatomic particles with a POSITIVE CHARGE
3) subatomic particles with NO CHARGE

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13
Q

The # of ____ determines the ELEMENT

A

Protons

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14
Q

FUN FACT: Atoms CANNOT be DIVIDED into…

A

…SIMPLER SUBSTANCES by ordinary CHEMICAL means

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15
Q

Which term describes a CHEMICAL COMBINATION of 2 or MORE atoms in DEFINITE (fixed) proportions? (Hint: made by combining atoms)

A

Molecule

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16
Q

Which term describes a MOLECULE containing 2 or MORE atoms of the SAME ELEMENT in definite (FIXED) proportions? (Ex. O2)

A

Elemental Molecule

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17
Q

Which term describes CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS of 2 or MORE atoms of different ELEMENTS in DEFINITE (fixed) proportions? (Hint: also known as compounds)

A

Compound Molecules

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18
Q

What is an EXAMPLE of a COMPOUND MOLECULE?

A

Sodium Chloride (NaCl) - common table salt

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19
Q

What are the TWO ways MATTER can be CHANGED? Describe and list these 2 ways

A

1) Physical Changes: a change in the form (physical properties) of a substance, WITHOUT a CHEMICAL reaction (creation of a new substance)
2) Chemical Changes: a CHANGE in the chemical COMPOSITION or makeup of a substance. Has DIFFERENT CHEMICAL and PHYSICAL properties

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20
Q

EXAMPLES of PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL CHANGES

A

1) Physical: solid ice melting into water, water converting to steam, applying nail polish on nails forming a layer of film
2) Chemical:

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21
Q

Define the terms PHYSICAL properties and CHEMICAL properties

A

1) Physical Properties: characteristics that CAN be determined WITHOUT a CHEMICAL REACTION and do NOT involve a CHEMICAL CHANGE in the substance
2) Chemical Properties: characteristics that can be determined ONLY by a CHEMICAL REACTION and involve a CHEMICAL CHANGE in the substance

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22
Q

EXAMPLES of PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

A

1) Physical: color, solubility, odor, density, melting point, boiling point, hardness, and glossiness
2) Chemical: iron to rust, wood to burn, and hair to change color

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23
Q

Which term is a CHEMICAL COMBINATION of MATTER in DEFINITE (fixed) proportions? (Hint: has UNIQUE properties)

A

Pure Substance

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24
Q

Examples of PURE SUBSTANCES

A

Water and Salt

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25
Which term is a PHYSICAL COMBINATION of MATTER in ANY proportion? (Hint: these properties are the combined properties of the substances in the mixture)
Physical Mixture
26
EXAMPLES of PHYSICAL MIXTURES
Salt water - salt water is salty and wet
27
MOST of the PRODUCTS a beauty professional USES are...
...SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS, and EMULSIONS
28
What do SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS, and EMULSIONS all have in COMMON?
They are all PHYSICAL MIXTURES
29
How can you tell the DIFFERENCE/DISTINCTION between SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS, and EMULSIONS?
Depends on the TYPES of SUBSTANCES, the SIZE of the PARTICLES, and the SOLUBILITY of the SUBSTANCES
30
Which term describes a STABLE, UNIFORM mixture of TWO or MORE substances?
Solution
31
Which term describes a SUBSTANCE that is DISSOLVED in a SOLUTION?
Solute
32
Which term describes a SUBSTANCE that DISSOLVES the SOLUTE and MAKES the SOLUTION?
Solvent
33
For example, if a beauty professional put SALT into WATER, what would HAPPEN?
The SALT would DISSOLVE in the WATER because SALT is the SOLUTE and WATER is the SOLVENT | TIP: WATER is the UNIVERSAL SOLVENT
34
WHY is WATER KNOWN as the UNIVERSAL SOLVENT?
It has the ABILITY to DISSOLVE MORE SUBSTANCES than ANY OTHER SOLVENT
35
TRUE or FALSE: ALL LIQUIDS are EITHER MISCIBLE or IMMISCIBLE
TRUE
36
Which term describes that LIQUIDS are mutually SOLUBLE, meaning they CAN be MIXED together to form SOLUTIONS? (Hint: when these SUBSTANCES are MIXED together, they STAY MIXED, FORMING a SOLUTION)
Miscible | TIP: WATER and ALCOHOL are EXAMPLES - i.e. nail polish remover
37
Which term describes LIQUIDS that are NOT CAPABLE of being MIXED together to FORM STABLE SOLUTIONS? (Hint: will SEPARATE when mixed)
Immiscible | TIP: WATER and OIL MIXED together are EXAMPLES
38
Which term has UNSTABLE PHYSICAL MIXTURES of UNDISSOLVED particles in a LIQUID?
Suspensions | TIP: SEPARATES over TIME - i.e. glitter in nail polish
39
Which term has an UNSTABLE PHYSICAL MIXTURE of TWO or MORE IMMISCIBLE substances + an EMULSIFIER? (Hint: SEPARATION happens over a LONGER PERIOD of TIME)
Emulsions | TIP: Considered a SPECIAL type of SUSPENSION
40
Which INGREDIENT brings TWO normally INCOMPATIBLE materials TOGETHER and BINDS them into a UNIFORM and farily stable MIXTURE?
Emulsifiers
41
Which term has SUBSTANCES that allow OIL and WATER to MIX/EMULSIFY?
Surfactants | TIP: Can FORM EMULSIONS
42
SURFACTANT MOLECULES have TWO parts. Describe and list those 2 DISTINCT parts
1) Hydrophilic: the HEAD of the SURFACTANT, capable of COMBINING with/ATTRACTING WATER (water-loving) 2) Lipophilic: the TAIL of the SURFACTANT, having an ATTRACTION to FAT and OILS (oil-loving)
43
The HYDROphilic HEAD DISSOLVES in ____, while the LIPOphilic TAIL DISSOLVES in ____
WATER, OIL
44
IMPORTANT ✍🏼
1) Oil-in-Water (O/W) Emulsions are OIL droplets emulsified in WATER. The droplets of OIL are SURROUNDED by surfactant molecules and the WATER. 2) Water-in-Oil (W/O) Emulsions are WATER droplets emulsified in OIL. The droplets of WATER are SURROUNDED by surfactant molecules and the OIL.
45
Ointments, pastes, pomades, and styling waxes are ALL examples of...
SEMI-SOLID MIXTURES | TIP: POWDERS are a PHYSICAL MIXTURE
46
What is MAYONNAISE an EXAMPLE of?
Oil-in-Water EMULSION (Immisicible Liquid)
47
COMMON CHEMICAL INGREDIENTS
1) Volatile Alcohols: EVAPORATE EASILY, isopropyl alochol (rubbing alcohol) and ethyl alcohol (hairspray) 2) Alkanolamines: alkaline substances used to NEUTRALIZE ACIDS or RAISE the pH of many HAIR PRODUCTS. OFTEN used in place of AMMONIA because of LESS ODOR 3) Ammonia: colorless GAS composed of HYDROGEN and NITROGEN that has a PUNGENT ODOR. Used to RAISE the pH in HAIR PRODUCTS to allow the SOLUTION to PENETRATE the HAIR SHAFT. 4) Glycerin: SWEET, COLORLESS, OILY substance used as a SOLVENT and MOISTURIZER in SKIN and BODY CREAMS 5) Silicones: SPECIAL type of OIL used in HAIR CONDITIONERS, WATER-RESISTANT LUBRICANTS, and NAIL POLISH DRYERS. LESS GREASY than other oils and forms a BREATHABLE FILM that does NOT cause COMEDONES. Give a SMOOTH, SILKY feeling to the SKIN and SHINE to HAIR 6) Volatile Organic Compounds: contain CARBON (organic) and EVAPORATE very EASILY (volatile). Common VOC is SD alcohol (ethyl alcohol)
48
How is the TOXICITY of a SUBSTANCE EVALUATED?
Related to HOW it is USED, and how MUCH of it IS USED
49
Which term refers to how PROLONGED, REPEATED, or LONG-TERM exposure to CERTAIN product INGREDIENTS can cause SENSITIVITY in some people?
Overexposure
50
Describe the “Overexposure Principle”
The “Overexposure Principle” is used to describe how OVEREXPOSURE determines TOXICITY. It holds that it is the DOSE of a SUBSTANCE that DETERMINES whether it will have a NEGATIVE POISONOUS effect on the body.
51
IMPORTANT ✍🏼
TOXICITY does NOT mean a SUBSTANCE is AUTOMATICALLY UNSAFE. Instead, it tells you to make sure to use it in a SAFE MANNER
52
What does pH stand for?
Potential Hydrogen
53
The pH scale is used to MEASURE the ACIDITY and ALKALINITY of SUBSTANCES. It ranges from 0-14. What is the pH of HAIR and SKIN?
Average of 4.5-5.5
54
Why do estheticians NEED to understand the pH scale?
Estheticians need to understand how the SCALE affects the HAIR, SKIN, and NAILS in beauty/wellness services
55
Which term describes an ATOM or MOLECULE that carries an ELECTRICAL CHARGE?
Ion
56
Which term describes the SEPARATION of an ATOM or MOLECULE into POSITIVE and NEGATIVE IONS?
Ionization
57
An ANION is an ION with a ____ charge, while a CATION is an ION with a ____ charge
NEGATIVE ELECTRICAL, POSITIVE ELECTRICAL
58
pH is ONLY possible because of…
WATER
59
The pH of ANY substance is ALWAYS a BALANCE of both ACIDITY and ALKALINITY. As acidity INCREASES, alkalinity ___ (Hint: vice versa)
DECREASES
60
A pH of 7 is a ____ solution. A pH BELOW 7 indicates an _____ solution, while a pH ABOVE 7 indicates an ____ solution.
NEUTRAL, ACIDIC, ALKALINE
61
Which term describes ACIDS derived from MOSTLY MILK or FRUIT SUGARS that EXFOLIATE the SKIN and help ADJUST the pH of LOTIONS, CONDITIONERS, AND CREAMS?
Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHAs)
62
TRUE or FALSE: ALKALIS owe their CHEMICAL REACTIVITY to the HYDROXIDE ION
TRUE
63
There are TWO types of CHEMICAL REACTIONS. List the 2 CHEMICAL REACTIONS
NEUTRALIZATION and REDOX reactions
64
Which REACTION is an ACID-ALKALI that occurs when an ACID is MIXED with an ALKALI in EQUAL PROPORTIONS, balancing the total pH
Acid-Alkali Neutralization Reaction
65
Which reaction is a CHEMICAL reaction in which OXIDATION and REDUCTION take place at the SAME TIME?
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)
66
Which term is a SUBSTANCE that RELEASES OXYGEN? (Hint: Hydrogen Peroxide)
Oxidizing Agent
67
Which term is a SUBSTANCE that ADDS HYDROGEN to a CHEMICAL COMPOUND or SUBTRACTS OXYGEN from the compound?
Reducing Agent
68
Which term describes when CERTAIN CHEMICAL REACTIONS release ENERGY in the form of heat? (Hint: heat produced after MIXING an ACTIVATOR AND WAVING LOTION)
EXOthermic Reaction
69
Which term describes a CHEMICAL REACTION that REQUIRES the ABSORPTION of ENERGY/HEAT from an EXTERNAL SOURCE for the REACTION to actually occur? (Hint: melting ice)
ENDOthermic Reaction
70
IMPORTANT ✍🏼
Practicing CHEMICAL SAFETY is an UPMOST/PRIMARY CONCERN for estheticians as TRANSPORTING, HANDLING, MIXING, STORING, and DISPOSING chemicals REQUIRES AWARENESS of the RISKS involved and the PROCESSES needed to ENSURE SAFETY. ALWAYS follow the label INSTRUCTIONS and HAZARD ⚠️ WARNINGS
71
TRUE or FALSE: Manufacturers of CHEMICALS that are registered with either the FDA or EPA are held to STRICT STANDARDS for their LABELS
TRUE
72
Which term describes CHEMICALS that should NOT be MIXED or even STORED near each other? (Hint: Hydrogen Peroxide and Bleach)
Incompatible
73
The OSHA Hazard Communication Standard REQUIRES that…
…EMPLOYEES be NOTIFIED of any CHEMICAL in their WORKPLACE that could be HAZARDOUS. MUST be READILY available to EVERYONE
74
SDS (Safety Data Sheets) have REPLACED which SHEETS?
MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet)
75
All SDS are formatted into how many CATEGORIES?
Sixteen (16) Categories
76
The 16 SDS (Safety Data Sheets) Categories
Continue to following cards for list
77
Identification
Includes the name of the product and contact information for the manufacturer or distributor; also contains recommended use and restrictions on use.
78
Hazard(s) Identification
Lists all hazards associated with the product and includes hazard classification (flammable, etc.), pre-cautionary statements, and hazard pictograms.
79
Composition/Information on Ingredients
Identifies the ingredients of the product, including concentrations used in mixtures and when chemicals have been withheld due to a trade secret
80
First Aid Measures
Includes short- and long term symptoms and first-aid instructions
81
Fire-Fighting Measures
Lists suitable (and unsuitable) fire extinguishers, any chemical hazards associated with a fire, and recommended protective equipment or precautions
82
Accidental Release Measures
Provides instruction for proper cleanup of a spill, protective equipment needed, and emergency measures to follow
83
Handling and Storage
Includes guidelines for safe handling and storage of chemicals, including incompatible chemicals
84
Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
Provides recommended limits on exposure and methods to reduce exposure, such as personal protective equipment and proper ventilation
85
Physical and Chemical Properties
Consists of a minimum of 18 properties, from color to pH to viscosity; unknown or irrelevant properties for a product must be noted
86
Stability and Reactivity
Provides information on the environmental, stability, and reaction risks associated with the product
87
Toxicological Information
Details the risks of exposure, including symptoms like skin irritation, and measure of toxicity
88
Ecological Information
Covers the impact of the chemical on the environment, such as groundwater absorption or danger to plants and animals
89
Disposal Considerations
Lists any procedures for disposal
90
Transport Information
Provides guidelines and restrictions for safe transportation
91
Regulatory Information
Includes any specific safety, health, or environmental regulations
92
Other Information
Indicates when the SDS was created or last updated
93
Which term is used to define a SUBSTANCE that CAUSES or is BELIEVED to cause CANCER?
Carcinogen
94
Which term is used to define a SUBSTANCE that MAY cause cancer but NOT ALWAYS?
Mutagen | TIP: Causes INCREASE in CELLULAR MUTATIONS (harmful/not harmful)
95
Which term defines a MATERIAL that is capable of IGNITING and BURNING? (Hint: flashpoint between 100-200 degrees farenheit)
Combustible
96
Which term defines a MATERIAL that is even EASIER to IGNITE than COMBUSTIBLE material? (Hint: flashpoint below 100 degrees farenheit)
Flammable

AESTHETICS (23 decks)

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