Chemistry / Chemical Safety Flashcards
Knowledge of the basics of chemistry, elements, and properties. Understanding of chemical safety procedures
IMPORTANT ✍🏼
Chemistry is the study of CHEMICALS and CHEMICAL CHANGES which makes LIFE on EARTH possible. The daily functioning of our bodies is based on chemical reactions on our hair, skin, and nails
The effects of cosmetics and beauty products are based on…
how the body REACTS to CHEMICALS
Why do estheticians need to understand and have thorough knowledge of CHEMISTRY?
Estheticians need to understand and know how different chemicals affect the hair, skin, and nails. They need to be able to choose the CORRECT PRODUCTS for each client’s particular/SPECIFIC NEEDS
Why is CHEMICAL SAFETY important in ESTHETICS?
It is IMPORTANT to follow the procedures for handling chemicals in a salon or spa by reading the labels and following the manufacturer’s instructions to keep CLIENTS and THEMSELVES SAFE
Which term is the SCIENCE that deals with the COMPOSITION, STRUCTURES, and PROPERTIES of matter and how MATTER changes under different conditions?
Chemistry
Which term describes any SUBSTANCE that OCCUPIES SPACE and has MASS (weight)?
Matter
TRUE OR FALSE: MATTER has PHYSICAL PROPERTIES we can TOUCH, TASTE, SMELL, or SEE
TRUE
Is Energy Matter?
Energy is NOT MATTER because the visible light created by electrical sparks are FORMS of ENERGY which does NOT occupy SPACE or have MASS
Which term is the SIMPLEST form of CHEMICAL MATTER and contains only ONE type of ATOM? (Hint: CANNOT be broken down into a simpler substance without loss of identity)
Element
ALL matter in the universe is made up of ELEMENTS that have their own…
DISTINCT PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Which term is the BASIC UNIT of MATTER, with a nucleus at the center? {surrounded by NEGATIVELY CHARGED ELECTRONS that move around the NUCLEUS?}
Atoms
1) ELECTRONS are…
2) PROTONS are…
3) NEUTRONS are…
1) NEGATIVELY CHARGED
2) subatomic particles with a POSITIVE CHARGE
3) subatomic particles with NO CHARGE
The # of ____ determines the ELEMENT
Protons
FUN FACT: Atoms CANNOT be DIVIDED into…
…SIMPLER SUBSTANCES by ordinary CHEMICAL means
Which term describes a CHEMICAL COMBINATION of 2 or MORE atoms in DEFINITE (fixed) proportions? (Hint: made by combining atoms)
Molecule
Which term describes a MOLECULE containing 2 or MORE atoms of the SAME ELEMENT in definite (FIXED) proportions? (Ex. O2)
Elemental Molecule
Which term describes CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS of 2 or MORE atoms of different ELEMENTS in DEFINITE (fixed) proportions? (Hint: also known as compounds)
Compound Molecules
What is an EXAMPLE of a COMPOUND MOLECULE?
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) - common table salt
What are the TWO ways MATTER can be CHANGED? Describe and list these 2 ways
1) Physical Changes: a change in the form (physical properties) of a substance, WITHOUT a CHEMICAL reaction (creation of a new substance)
2) Chemical Changes: a CHANGE in the chemical COMPOSITION or makeup of a substance. Has DIFFERENT CHEMICAL and PHYSICAL properties
EXAMPLES of PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL CHANGES
1) Physical: solid ice melting into water, water converting to steam, applying nail polish on nails forming a layer of film
2) Chemical:
Define the terms PHYSICAL properties and CHEMICAL properties
1) Physical Properties: characteristics that CAN be determined WITHOUT a CHEMICAL REACTION and do NOT involve a CHEMICAL CHANGE in the substance
2) Chemical Properties: characteristics that can be determined ONLY by a CHEMICAL REACTION and involve a CHEMICAL CHANGE in the substance
EXAMPLES of PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1) Physical: color, solubility, odor, density, melting point, boiling point, hardness, and glossiness
2) Chemical: iron to rust, wood to burn, and hair to change color
Which term is a CHEMICAL COMBINATION of MATTER in DEFINITE (fixed) proportions? (Hint: has UNIQUE properties)
Pure Substance
Examples of PURE SUBSTANCES
Water and Salt
Which term is a PHYSICAL COMBINATION of MATTER in ANY proportion? (Hint: these properties are the combined properties of the substances in the mixture)
Physical Mixture
EXAMPLES of PHYSICAL MIXTURES
Salt water - salt water is salty and wet
MOST of the PRODUCTS a beauty professional USES are…
…SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS, and EMULSIONS
What do SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS, and EMULSIONS all have in COMMON?
They are all PHYSICAL MIXTURES
How can you tell the DIFFERENCE/DISTINCTION between SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS, and EMULSIONS?
Depends on the TYPES of SUBSTANCES, the SIZE of the PARTICLES, and the SOLUBILITY of the SUBSTANCES
Which term describes a STABLE, UNIFORM mixture of TWO or MORE substances?
Solution
Which term describes a SUBSTANCE that is DISSOLVED in a SOLUTION?
Solute
Which term describes a SUBSTANCE that DISSOLVES the SOLUTE and MAKES the SOLUTION?
Solvent
For example, if a beauty professional put SALT into WATER, what would HAPPEN?
The SALT would DISSOLVE in the WATER because SALT is the SOLUTE and WATER is the SOLVENT
TIP: WATER is the UNIVERSAL SOLVENT
WHY is WATER KNOWN as the UNIVERSAL SOLVENT?
It has the ABILITY to DISSOLVE MORE SUBSTANCES than ANY OTHER SOLVENT
TRUE or FALSE: ALL LIQUIDS are EITHER MISCIBLE or IMMISCIBLE
TRUE
Which term describes that LIQUIDS are mutually SOLUBLE, meaning they CAN be MIXED together to form SOLUTIONS? (Hint: when these SUBSTANCES are MIXED together, they STAY MIXED, FORMING a SOLUTION)
Miscible
TIP: WATER and ALCOHOL are EXAMPLES - i.e. nail polish remover
Which term describes LIQUIDS that are NOT CAPABLE of being MIXED together to FORM STABLE SOLUTIONS? (Hint: will SEPARATE when mixed)
Immiscible
TIP: WATER and OIL MIXED together are EXAMPLES
Which term has UNSTABLE PHYSICAL MIXTURES of UNDISSOLVED particles in a LIQUID?
Suspensions
TIP: SEPARATES over TIME - i.e. glitter in nail polish
Which term has an UNSTABLE PHYSICAL MIXTURE of TWO or MORE IMMISCIBLE substances + an EMULSIFIER? (Hint: SEPARATION happens over a LONGER PERIOD of TIME)
Emulsions
TIP: Considered a SPECIAL type of SUSPENSION
Which INGREDIENT brings TWO normally INCOMPATIBLE materials TOGETHER and BINDS them into a UNIFORM and farily stable MIXTURE?
Emulsifiers
Which term has SUBSTANCES that allow OIL and WATER to MIX/EMULSIFY?
Surfactants
TIP: Can FORM EMULSIONS
SURFACTANT MOLECULES have TWO parts. Describe and list those 2 DISTINCT parts
1) Hydrophilic: the HEAD of the SURFACTANT, capable of COMBINING with/ATTRACTING WATER (water-loving)
2) Lipophilic: the TAIL of the SURFACTANT, having an ATTRACTION to FAT and OILS (oil-loving)
The HYDROphilic HEAD DISSOLVES in ____, while the LIPOphilic TAIL DISSOLVES in ____
WATER, OIL
IMPORTANT ✍🏼
1) Oil-in-Water (O/W) Emulsions are OIL droplets emulsified in WATER. The droplets of OIL are SURROUNDED by surfactant molecules and the WATER.
2) Water-in-Oil (W/O) Emulsions are WATER droplets emulsified in OIL. The droplets of WATER are SURROUNDED by surfactant molecules and the OIL.
Ointments, pastes, pomades, and styling waxes are ALL examples of…
SEMI-SOLID MIXTURES
TIP: POWDERS are a PHYSICAL MIXTURE
What is MAYONNAISE an EXAMPLE of?
Oil-in-Water EMULSION (Immisicible Liquid)
COMMON CHEMICAL INGREDIENTS
1) Volatile Alcohols: EVAPORATE EASILY, isopropyl alochol (rubbing alcohol) and ethyl alcohol (hairspray)
2) Alkanolamines: alkaline substances used to NEUTRALIZE ACIDS or RAISE the pH of many HAIR PRODUCTS. OFTEN used in place of AMMONIA because of LESS ODOR
3) Ammonia: colorless GAS composed of HYDROGEN and NITROGEN that has a PUNGENT ODOR. Used to RAISE the pH in HAIR PRODUCTS to allow the SOLUTION to PENETRATE the HAIR SHAFT.
4) Glycerin: SWEET, COLORLESS, OILY substance used as a SOLVENT and MOISTURIZER in SKIN and BODY CREAMS
5) Silicones: SPECIAL type of OIL used in HAIR CONDITIONERS, WATER-RESISTANT LUBRICANTS, and NAIL POLISH DRYERS. LESS GREASY than other oils and forms a BREATHABLE FILM that does NOT cause COMEDONES. Give a SMOOTH, SILKY feeling to the SKIN and SHINE to HAIR
6) Volatile Organic Compounds: contain CARBON (organic) and EVAPORATE very EASILY (volatile). Common VOC is SD alcohol (ethyl alcohol)
How is the TOXICITY of a SUBSTANCE EVALUATED?
Related to HOW it is USED, and how MUCH of it IS USED
Which term refers to how PROLONGED, REPEATED, or LONG-TERM exposure to CERTAIN product INGREDIENTS can cause SENSITIVITY in some people?
Overexposure
Describe the “Overexposure Principle”
The “Overexposure Principle” is used to describe how OVEREXPOSURE determines TOXICITY. It holds that it is the DOSE of a SUBSTANCE that DETERMINES whether it will have a NEGATIVE POISONOUS effect on the body.
IMPORTANT ✍🏼
TOXICITY does NOT mean a SUBSTANCE is AUTOMATICALLY UNSAFE. Instead, it tells you to make sure to use it in a SAFE MANNER
What does pH stand for?
Potential Hydrogen
The pH scale is used to MEASURE the ACIDITY and ALKALINITY of SUBSTANCES. It ranges from 0-14. What is the pH of HAIR and SKIN?
Average of 4.5-5.5
Why do estheticians NEED to understand the pH scale?
Estheticians need to understand how the SCALE affects the HAIR, SKIN, and NAILS in beauty/wellness services
Which term describes an ATOM or MOLECULE that carries an ELECTRICAL CHARGE?
Ion
Which term describes the SEPARATION of an ATOM or MOLECULE into POSITIVE and NEGATIVE IONS?
Ionization
An ANION is an ION with a ____ charge, while a CATION is an ION with a ____ charge
NEGATIVE ELECTRICAL, POSITIVE ELECTRICAL
pH is ONLY possible because of…
WATER
The pH of ANY substance is ALWAYS a BALANCE of both ACIDITY and ALKALINITY. As acidity INCREASES, alkalinity ___ (Hint: vice versa)
DECREASES
A pH of 7 is a ____ solution. A pH BELOW 7 indicates an _____ solution, while a pH ABOVE 7 indicates an ____ solution.
NEUTRAL, ACIDIC, ALKALINE
Which term describes ACIDS derived from MOSTLY MILK or FRUIT SUGARS that EXFOLIATE the SKIN and help ADJUST the pH of LOTIONS, CONDITIONERS, AND CREAMS?
Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHAs)
TRUE or FALSE: ALKALIS owe their CHEMICAL REACTIVITY to the HYDROXIDE ION
TRUE
There are TWO types of CHEMICAL REACTIONS. List the 2 CHEMICAL REACTIONS
NEUTRALIZATION and REDOX reactions
Which REACTION is an ACID-ALKALI that occurs when an ACID is MIXED with an ALKALI in EQUAL PROPORTIONS, balancing the total pH
Acid-Alkali Neutralization Reaction
Which reaction is a CHEMICAL reaction in which OXIDATION and REDUCTION take place at the SAME TIME?
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)
Which term is a SUBSTANCE that RELEASES OXYGEN? (Hint: Hydrogen Peroxide)
Oxidizing Agent
Which term is a SUBSTANCE that ADDS HYDROGEN to a CHEMICAL COMPOUND or SUBTRACTS OXYGEN from the compound?
Reducing Agent
Which term describes when CERTAIN CHEMICAL REACTIONS release ENERGY in the form of heat? (Hint: heat produced after MIXING an ACTIVATOR AND WAVING LOTION)
EXOthermic Reaction
Which term describes a CHEMICAL REACTION that REQUIRES the ABSORPTION of ENERGY/HEAT from an EXTERNAL SOURCE for the REACTION to actually occur? (Hint: melting ice)
ENDOthermic Reaction
IMPORTANT ✍🏼
Practicing CHEMICAL SAFETY is an UPMOST/PRIMARY CONCERN for estheticians as TRANSPORTING, HANDLING, MIXING, STORING, and DISPOSING chemicals REQUIRES AWARENESS of the RISKS involved and the PROCESSES needed to ENSURE SAFETY. ALWAYS follow the label INSTRUCTIONS and HAZARD ⚠️ WARNINGS
TRUE or FALSE: Manufacturers of CHEMICALS that are registered with either the FDA or EPA are held to STRICT STANDARDS for their LABELS
TRUE
Which term describes CHEMICALS that should NOT be MIXED or even STORED near each other? (Hint: Hydrogen Peroxide and Bleach)
Incompatible
The OSHA Hazard Communication Standard REQUIRES that…
…EMPLOYEES be NOTIFIED of any CHEMICAL in their WORKPLACE that could be HAZARDOUS. MUST be READILY available to EVERYONE
SDS (Safety Data Sheets) have REPLACED which SHEETS?
MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet)
All SDS are formatted into how many CATEGORIES?
Sixteen (16) Categories
The 16 SDS (Safety Data Sheets) Categories
Continue to following cards for list
Identification
Includes the name of the product and contact information for the manufacturer or distributor; also contains recommended use and restrictions on use.
Hazard(s) Identification
Lists all hazards associated with the product and includes hazard classification (flammable, etc.), pre-cautionary statements, and hazard pictograms.
Composition/Information on Ingredients
Identifies the ingredients of the product, including concentrations used in mixtures and when chemicals have been withheld due to a trade secret
First Aid Measures
Includes short- and long term symptoms and first-aid instructions
Fire-Fighting Measures
Lists suitable (and unsuitable) fire extinguishers, any chemical hazards associated with a fire, and recommended protective equipment or precautions
Accidental Release Measures
Provides instruction for proper cleanup of a spill, protective equipment needed, and emergency measures to follow
Handling and Storage
Includes guidelines for safe handling and storage of chemicals, including incompatible chemicals
Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
Provides recommended limits on exposure and methods to reduce exposure, such as personal protective equipment and proper ventilation
Physical and Chemical Properties
Consists of a minimum of 18 properties, from color to pH to viscosity; unknown or irrelevant properties for a product must be noted
Stability and Reactivity
Provides information on the environmental, stability, and reaction risks associated with the product
Toxicological Information
Details the risks of exposure, including symptoms like skin irritation, and measure of toxicity
Ecological Information
Covers the impact of the chemical on the environment, such as groundwater absorption or danger to plants and animals
Disposal Considerations
Lists any procedures for disposal
Transport Information
Provides guidelines and restrictions for safe transportation
Regulatory Information
Includes any specific safety, health, or environmental regulations
Other Information
Indicates when the SDS was created or last updated
Which term is used to define a SUBSTANCE that CAUSES or is BELIEVED to cause CANCER?
Carcinogen
Which term is used to define a SUBSTANCE that MAY cause cancer but NOT ALWAYS?
Mutagen
TIP: Causes INCREASE in CELLULAR MUTATIONS (harmful/not harmful)
Which term defines a MATERIAL that is capable of IGNITING and BURNING? (Hint: flashpoint between 100-200 degrees farenheit)
Combustible
Which term defines a MATERIAL that is even EASIER to IGNITE than COMBUSTIBLE material? (Hint: flashpoint below 100 degrees farenheit)
Flammable
