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AESTHETICS > Anatomy / Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy / Physiology Flashcards

Importance of Understanding the anatomy and physiology of the human body. Identifying how skin can be affected by the body's system and a completed esthetic service

1
Q

Which scientific term is the study of human body structures and how those parts are organized?

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

The study of the functions and activities performed by the body’s structures is called…

A

Physiology

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3
Q

What is the study of tissues called? (Hint: also known as microscopic anatomy)

A

Histology

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4
Q

Why is it IMPORTANT for estheticians to understand anatomy and physiology?

A

Estheticians need to understand how body parts function as it can be evident on the skin. Recognizing and identifying skin changes in clients are important for safety and infection control concerns so there are no adverse effects from the service provided and the service can be the best quality.

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5
Q

IMPORTANT ✍🏼

A

Cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, organs make up systems

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6
Q

What are the basic and smallest units of all living things?

A

Cells

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7
Q

Cells of all living things are composed of a substance called ___, a colorless, jellylike substance in which nutrients are present

A

Protoplasm

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8
Q

The specialized structure in the center of a cell that is responsible for cell reproduction and metabolism is called the…

A

Nucleus

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9
Q

Nucleoplasm is found within the…

A

Nucleus. It is responsible for containing DNA

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10
Q

What is the watery fluid that surrounds the nucleus which provides a structure for the cell parts so they can move around the cell membrane?

A

Cytoplasm

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11
Q

What is the thin layer of tissue that surrounds the cell and protects the interior of the cell from its surroundings?

A

the Cell Membrane

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12
Q

Which structure takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy for the cell? (Hint: POWERhouse)

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

The process of cell reproduction that occurs when the cell divides into two identical daughter cells is called…

A

Mitosis

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14
Q

What is the chemical process that takes place in living organisms which converts nutrients to energy so cells can function?

A

Metabolism

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15
Q

Identify aspects that cells need to divide

A

FOOD, OXYGEN, WATER, SUITABLE TEMPS.

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16
Q

What is a group of similar cells that perform a specific function called?

A

Tissue

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17
Q

Describe briefly the 4 types of tissue

A

E- Epithelial: provides a covering that protects the body. (Ex. skin, mucous membranes, digestive/respiratory organs)
C- Connective: fibrous tissue that supports, protects, and binds other tissues and organs
N- Nerve: carries messages to and from the brain and central nervous system (CNS) to coordinate all body functions
M- Muscle: contracts and moves various parts of the body

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18
Q

!! Mnemonic Device to remember the 4 Types of Tissue !!

A

EVERY (Epithelial) COW (Connective) NEEDS (Nerve) MILKING (Muscle)

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19
Q

Which tissue gives smoothness and contour to the body? (Hint: fat)

A

Adipose

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20
Q

What are groups of specialized tissues that perform specific functions?

A

Organs

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21
Q

The 11 Body Systems

A

Continue to following cards for list

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22
Q

Which body system controls blood movement throughout the body?

A

Circulatory (Heart with blood vessels)

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23
Q

Which body system breaks down food into nutrients and waste for nutrition or excretion?

A

Digestive (Esophagus, stomach, gall bladder, liver, small/large intestines)

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24
Q

Which body system controls hormone levels that determine growth, development, reproduction, and health of the body? (Hint: chemical messengers of the body)

A

Endocrine (Adrenal gland, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas)

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25
Q

Which body system eliminates waste and reduces the buildup of toxins?

A

Excretory (Kidneys, bladder, liver, large intestine)

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26
Q

Which body system protects the body from disease by developing resistances and destroying disease-causing toxins and foreign materials?

A

Immune/Lymphatic (Spleen, lymph)

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27
Q

Which body system performs the function of producing children, differentiating sexes, and passing on genetics?

A

Reproductive (Uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, penis, prostate gland, testes)

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28
Q

Which body system covers, shapes, supports the skeletal tissue, and helps contract and move various parts of the body?

A

Muscular (Muscles)

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29
Q

Which body system forms the physical foundation of the body and protects our bodily mechanics? (Hint: movable/immovable (stationary) joints)

A

Skeletal (Bones)

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30
Q

Which body system is the largest organ of the body and helps fight against infections and water loss? (Hint: able to absorb, produce vitamin D, and regulate temp.)

A

Integumentary (Skin & accessory organs such as oil/sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails)

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31
Q

Which body system carries messages through the CNS, controlling/coordinating all bodily functions and systems?

A

Nervous (Brain, spinal cord, nerves)

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32
Q

Which body system enables breathing, supplies the body with oxygen, and eliminates carbon dioxide?

A

Respiratory (Lungs, trachea, bronchi)

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33
Q

The adult body is made up of how many bones?

A

206

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34
Q

What are a group of specialized organs that work and act together to perform one or more functions?

A

Systems

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35
Q

How many types of joints are there?

A

2 types: movable and immovable (aka stationary)

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36
Q

Which bone forms the back of the head above the nape of the neck?

A

the Occipital bone

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37
Q

What does the radius make up?

A

The smaller bone on the thumb side

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38
Q

What do the tarsal bones make up?

A

the Ankle

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39
Q

Which type of muscle is involuntary and is not consciously controlled to move?

A

Smooth muscle

40
Q

Massage is generally directed from ____ to ____

A

Insertion to Origin

41
Q

FUN FACT: the origin is the more ____ part of the muscle closer to the skeleton

A

fixed

42
Q

Is the belly of the muscle at a more movable attachment?

A

No

43
Q

IMPORTANT

A

When a muscle is STRETCHED/STRAIGHTENED, the muscle is EXTENDED

44
Q

What are involuntary muscles controlled by?

A

the Autonomic Nervous system

45
Q

What is the largest cranial nerve in the body? (Hint: also known as the chief sensory nerve)

A

the FIFTH (5th) cranial nerve

46
Q

What are the blood vessels that bring blood from the heart to the head?

A

the Common Carotid Arteries

47
Q

IMPORTANT

A

Carbon Dioxide is NEVER absorbed into the blood during INHALATION. It is released and expelled through EXHALATION

48
Q

The human HEAD contains 22 BONES that are divided into two groups. Describe and list those 2 groups

A

Cranium: an oval, bony case that protects the brain and is formed by 8 bones.
Facial Bones: consists of 14 bones which include the maxilla (upper jaw) and the mandible (lower jaw).

49
Q

The CRANIUM is made up of EIGHT bones. List and describe those 8 bones

A

1) Occipital bone: forms the back of the skull above the nape
2 & 3) TWO Parietal bones: form the sides and crown (top) of the cranium
4) Frontal bone: forms the forehead
5 & 6) TWO Temporal bones: form the sides of the head in the the ear region
7) Ethmoid bone: the light, spongy bone between the eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavities
8) Sphenoid bone: forms the sides of the eye sockets

50
Q

BONE REGIONS OF THE CRANIUM

A

Occipital: forms the back of the skull above nape of neck
Parietal: two bones that form side and top of cranium
Frontal: forms the forehead
Temporal: two bones that form sides of the head in the ear region

51
Q

Describe and list the BONES of the FACE

A

1) TWO Nasal bones: form the bridge of the nose
2 & 3) TWO Lacrimal bones: the smallest and most fragile bones of the face. They are situated at the front inside part of the eye socket
4 & 5) TWO Zygomatic bones: known as malar or cheekbones, they form the prominence of the cheeks
6 & 7) TWO Maxillae bones: form the upper jaw
8) Mandible: forms the lower jawbone, which is the largest and strongest bone of the face

52
Q

There are 2 BONES of the NECK. Describe and list those bones

A

1) Hyoid: a U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles
2) Cervical vertebrae: the 7 bones of the top part of the vertebral column located in the neck region

53
Q

List and describe each of the BONES of the CHEST

A

1) Thorax: the chest or pulmonary trunk consisting of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae. It is an elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs, and other internal organs
2) Ribs: 12 pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax
3) Scapula: also known as the shoulder blade, it is the large, flat, triangular bone of the shoulder consisting of 2
4) Sternum: also known as the breastbone, it is the flat bone that forms the ventral (front) support of the ribs
5) Clavicle: also known as the collarbone, it is the bone that joins the sternum and scapula

54
Q

Describe and list the BONES of the ARMS and HANDS

A

1) Humerus: the uppermost and largest bone of the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder
2) Ulna: the inner and larger bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger
3) Radius: the smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb
4) Carpus: also known as the wrist, it is a flexible joint composed of 8 small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments
5) Metacarpus: also known as the palm, it consists of 5 long, slender bones called metacarpal bones
6) Phalanges: also known as digits, they are the bones in the fingers with 3 in each finger and 2 in each thumb, totaling 14 bones

55
Q

Why is it IMPORTANT for estheticians to understand the MUSCLES for massages?

A

Estheticians need to understand the importance of how to manipulate the muscles of the face, neck, shoulders, arms, and hands properly. Many treatments use electrical modalities that involve an understanding of the muscles movements to achieve a desired result. An estheticians posture and body positioning during treatments need to demonstrate good body mechanics to prevent muscle fatigue

56
Q

FUN FACT: the human body has a total of over ___ muscles

A

630

57
Q

There are THREE types of MUSCLE TISSUE. Describe and list the 3 types

A

1) Skeletal: voluntary muscles that contract with conscious thought
2) Smooth: involuntary muscles that are not controlled under conscious thought (autonomous)
3) Cardiac: specific to heart function and are involuntary/autonomous (not controlled conscious thought)

58
Q

SKELETAL/VOLUNTARY muscle has THREE parts to it. List those 3 parts

A

1) Origin: the more fixed part of the muscle closest to the skeleton, which flexes but remains stationary
2) Belly: the middle part of the muscle
3) Insertion: part of the muscle that is the moveable attachment and farthest from the skeleton

59
Q

There are many modes that are used in esthetic treatments of muscles. Describe and list out those modes

A

1) Massage: hand or mechanical vibrations
2) Electrical Therapy Current: high-frequency, galvanic, or micro currents
3) Light Rays: infrared light, light emitting diodes (LED)
4) Dry Heat: heating lamps or heating caps
5) Moist Heat: steamers or moderately warm steam towels

60
Q

There are 4 MUSCLES of the SCALP. List and describe those muscles.

A

1) Frontalis: the scalp muscle that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles in the forehead
2) Epicranius: also known as the occipitofrontalis, it is a broad muscle that covers the top of the skull. Has TWO parts: the occipitalis and frontalis
3) Occipitalis: a muscle located in the back of the epicranius which draws the scalp back-ward
4) Temporalis

TIP: Esthis are concerned with FRONTALIS for SERVICES

61
Q

Describe and list the 3 MUSCLES of the EYEBROW

A

1) Corrugator: the muscle located beneath the frontalis and orbicularis oculi which draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically
2) Orbicularis Oculi: the ring muscle of the eye socket which closes the eyes
3) Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle: controls the eyelid and can be easily DAMAGED during MAKEUP APPLICATION

62
Q

There are TWO primary MUSCLES of the NOSE. List and describe the 2 muscles

A

1) Procerus: lowers the eyebrows and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose
2) Nasalis: a two-part muscle that covers the nose and includes the transverse part and alar part, which flair the nostrils

63
Q

List and describe the 8 MUSCLES of the MOUTH

A

1) Buccinator: the thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips. (ex. blowing a whistle)
2) Triangularis: also known as the depressor anguli oris, it is a muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corners of the mouth
3) Mentalis: the muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin
4) Orbicularis Oris: the flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses, contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips
5) Levator Anguli Oris: a muscle associated with smiling
6) Risorius: the muscle that draws the corners of the mouth out and back when grinning
7) Levator Labii Superioris: sometimes referred to as the quadratus labii superioris, it is a muscle associated with lifting the wings of the nose and upper lip.
8) Zygomaticus: the major and minor muscles are extending from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth that elevates the lip. (ex. laughing)

64
Q

What are the 2 MUSCLES of MASTICATION?

A

the Masseter and Temporalis

65
Q

The 3 MUSCLES of the EAR are ALL called…

A

the Auricularis Muscles. They work together to move the ear upward, forward, or backward

66
Q

List and describe the 2 MUSCLES of the NECK

A

1) Platysma: a broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin. It’s responsible for lowering the lower jaw and lip
2) Sternocleidomastoid: the muscle extending alongside of the neck from the ear to the collarbone. It acts to rotate the head from side to side and up and down

67
Q

There are 2 MUSCLES that attatch the ARMS to the BODY. The following are those muscles listed

A

1) Latissimus Dorsi: a large, flat, triangular muscle that covers the lower back. Comes up from the lower half of the vertebral clumn and iliac crest (hip bone) and narrows to a rounded tendon attached to the front of the upper part of the humerus
2) Pectoralis Major/Minor: muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm

68
Q

Describe and list the 4 MUSCLES of the SHOULDER and ARM

A

1) Trapezius: the muscle that covers the back of the neck, shoulders, and upper/middle region of the back. Helps shrug the shoulders and stabilize the scapula
2) Biceps: the muscles that produce the contour of the front and inner side of the upperarm. Helps lift the forearm, flex the elbow, and turn the palms outward
3) Deltoid: a large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body
4) Triceps: a large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm

69
Q

IMPORTANT MUSCLE MOVEMENTS ✍🏼

A

1) ABduction: ✌🏼
2) ADduction: ✋🏼
3) Flexion: 🤌🏼
4) Extension: 🫱🏼
5) Pronation: 🫳🏼
6) Supination: 🫴🏼

70
Q

Which term describes the scientific study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system?

A

Neurology

71
Q

There are 3 Nerve Branches of the HEAD, NECK, and FACE that are essential for performing FACIAL TREATMENTS. Describe these DIVISIONS

A

1) CNS: consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves that controls consciousness, many mental activities, involuntary functions of the 5 senses, and voluntary muscle actions such as facial expressions and body movements
2) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): a system of nerves that connects the peripheral (outer) parts of the body to the CNS. It has both sensory and motor nerves which carries impulses/messages to and from the CNS
3) Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): the part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles and regulates the actions of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, heart, and breathing

72
Q

FUN FACT: the BRAIN is the…

A

LARGEST and most COMPLEX nerve TISSUE in the body

TIP: Do NOT get confused with the largest organ (SKIN)

73
Q

What connects the spinal cord to the brain and is involved in regulating vital functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure?

A

the Brain Stem

74
Q

What is a continuation of the brain stem and originates in the brain, extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk, and is protected by the spinal column? (Hint: there are 31 pairs of NERVES in this important feature)

A

the Spinal Cord

75
Q

What are whitish cords, made up of bundles of fibers held together by connective tissue, through which impules are transmitted? (Hint: its branches extend to ALL parts of the body)

A

Nerves

Origin: BRAIN and SPINAL CORD

76
Q

Describe and list the 2 types of NERVES

A

1) Sensory Nerves: carries impulses/messages from the sense organs to the brain, where sensations such as touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, and pressure are experienced.
2) Motor Nerves: carries impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands. These transmitted impulses produce movement

77
Q

What is an automatic nerve reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord and a responsive impulse back along a motor neuron to a muscle to cause a reaction?

A

a Reflex

78
Q

Which NERVES of the HEAD, FACE, and NECK are the most IMPORTANT for estheticians to focus on? List and describe these 3 CRANIAL nerves

A

1) 5th Cranial: also known as the trifacial or trigeminal nerve, it is the LARGEST cranial nerve and the chief sensory nerve of the face that supports chewing.
2) 7th Cranial: also known as the facial nerve, it is the chief motor nerve of the face. Near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck, it supplies and controls all the muscles of facial expression and the secretions of saliva
3) 11th Cranial: also known as the accessory nerve, it is a type of motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles. It can be affected during facial massages

79
Q

Describe and list the 4 NERVES of the ARM and HAND

A

1) Digital Nerve: a sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies the fingers
2) Radial Nerve: a sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand
3) Median Nerve: a smaller sensory-motor nerve than the ulnar and radial nerves that, with its branches, supplies the arm and hand
4) Ulnar Nerve: a sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, affects the little finger side of the arm and palm of the hand

80
Q

Why is the VAGUS NERVE IMPORTANT for estheticians?

A

It is a nerve of the ANS. When it overreacts to a trigger, it can cause a sudden drop in blood pressure which can result in fainting which is dangerous/hazardous to happen when a service is being performed. (ex. pain, stress, too much pressure, sight of blood, pressing on certain areas of the throat, sinuses, and eyes)

81
Q

What controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels (veins and arteries)?

A

the Circulatory System (Cardiovascular System)

82
Q

Why is the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM important for esthetics and services?

A

Its role in nourishing and oxygenating cells is important for an estheticians ability to interpret skin reactions to treatments. Impaired circulatory function can create a gray, sallowness in the skin, as the skin is not being oxygenated which can delay healing time if a service was performed. This is often a contraindication to treatments HOWEVER a treatment can be revised (if possible) for client safety

83
Q

What is a muscular, cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system that is referred to as the body’s pump?

A

the Heart

84
Q

What is a normal resting state for the heart? BPM?

A

72-80 BPM

85
Q

Continuous blood circulation is ensured by TWO systems. Describe and list these 2 systems

A

1) Pulmonary Circulation: carries the blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated
2) Systemic Circulation: also known as general circulation, it carries the oxygenated blood from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart again

86
Q

What are tubelike structures that include the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins? (Hint: helps transport blood to and from the heart and to various tissues of the body)

A

Blood Vessels

87
Q

There are 6 types of BLOOD VESSELS in the body. List and describe those 6 BLOOD VESSELS

A

1) Arteries: thick-walled, muscular, flexible, tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the arterioles.
2) Aorta: the largest artery in the body
3) Arterioles: small arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries
4) Capillaries: tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to venules. They bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials.
5) Venules: small vessels that connect the capillaries to the veins. They collect blood from the capillaries and drain it into the veins
6) Veins: thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries. They contain cup-like valves that keep blood flowing in 1 direction to the heart to prevent blood from flowing backward. Located closer to the outer skin surface of the body than the arteries.

88
Q

What is a nutritive fluid circulating through the circulatory system that is considered connective tissue because it connects body systems together, bringing oxygen, nutrients, and hormones while removing waste products?

A

Blood

89
Q

What kinds of functions does the blood perform?

A

1) Carries water, oxygen, nutrition, and minerals to all cells and tissues of the body
2) Carries away carbon dioxide and waste products to be eliminated through the lungs, skin, and kidneys
3) Helps to equalize the body’s temp., thus protecting the body from extreme heat and cold
4) Aids in protecting the body from harmful bacteria and infections through the action of the white blood cells
5) Closes injured tiny blood vessels by forming clots (platelets), thus preventing blood loss

90
Q

What is BLOOD composed of?

A

Red blood cells (carry oxygen to the body), White blood cells (perform the function of destroying disease-causing micro-organisms), Platelets (contribute to the blood-clotting process), Plasma (the fluid part of the blood), and Hemoglobin (iron-rich protein in red blood cells)

91
Q

What is the main FUNCTION of PLASMA?

A

It acts as a delivery system, carrying vital components, including nutrients, hormones, and minerals, to the cells. It also takes waste away from the cells

92
Q

The common carotid arteries are the main source of blood supply to the…

A

HEAD, FACE, and NECK

93
Q

There are TWO VEINS of the HEAD, FACE, and NECK. Describe those 2 principal VEINS?

A

the Internal Jugular Vein and External Jugular Vein are veins that allow blood returning to the heart from the head, face, and neck to flow on each side of the neck

94
Q

What is a connection between TWO or more bones of the skeleton?

A

Joint

95
Q

What is the term used to define changes in skin pigmentation? (Hint: most common after pregnancy/fluctuating hormones)

A

Melasma

AESTHETICS (23 decks)

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