Chemistry And Macromolecules Flashcards
All matter is composed of ______
Atoms
An atoms is what?
Smallest component of a substance
Atoms combine to create _____
Molecules
Chesity is the study of ______
Interactions between atoms and molecules
The nucleus is the
Central core
The nucleus contains
Protons (postitive charge)
neutrons (no charge)
The overall charge of the nucleus is
Positive
What does the nucleus not participate in?
Chemical reactions
The electron shell contains what?
Electrons
The electron shell has an overall charge of
Negative
The electron shell participates in what?
Chemical reactions
Most atoms contain and equal number of
Protons and electrons
Ions are and exception of equal number of protons and neutrons beacause
They contain unequal number of protons and electrons
Ions are charges so they are either a
Cation: positive charge or
Anion: negatiev charge
An atomic number is
Total number of protons
Atomic mass is total number of
Protons and neutrons
Chemical elements
Matter composed of only one type of atom
Each element has
Own name and symbol
Lifes mist abundant elementas are
- carbon
- hydrogen
- nitrogen
- oxygen
- phosphorus
Carbon is the
Main structural component of organic molecules
Hydrogen is
Component of water and many organic molecules
Nitrogen
Component of amino acid and nucleic acid
Major atmospheric gas
Oxygen is
- Component of water and many organic moelucles
- required for metabolism in many orgs
Phosohorus components are
Phospholipids
Nucleic acids
ATP
Electron configurations are
Arrangement of electron in electron shells
Inner most electron shell holds
2 electrons
2nd electron shell holds
8 electrons
3rd electrin shell holds
8 electrons
The outermost shell is called
Valence shell
Valance shell is not always ?
Completley full
Full valance electron =
Atom most stable
Unfilled valence shell =
Atom not stable
Reactivity is
Tendency to react with other atoms
Reactivity si determined by
Number of e in valence shell
What ouccurs during reactivity if full valence shell?
Unlikely to react
What occurs during reactivity to unfilled valence shell ?
Likely to react
During reactivity when atoms reacts ->
Both atoms have full valence shell
What do bonds do ?
Hold atoms together
Types of bonds (4)
Ionic, covalent, polar covalent, hydrogen
During an ionic bond what occurs
On atom loses electron another atom gains electrons
Ionic bonds are a result of
Opposite charges attract to one another
During a covalent bond atoms ?
Share elctrons orbit both atoms
During covalent bonds what happens to valence shells
Both atoms are filled
A single covalent bond
Atoms share one pair of electorns
Doubel covalent bond
Atoms share 2 pairs of electrons
Triple covalent bond
Atoms share 3 pairs of electrons
Polar covalent bonds polarity
Unequal distribution of charges
Polar covalent bond
2 atoms share electrons unequally
Hydrogen bonds
Electrostatic attraction between hydrogen and Oxygen or hydrogen and nitrogen
Electrostatic
Attraction due to opposite charges
Hydrogren bonds are ?
Weak
Hydrogen bonds are result
from polarity of molecules
A wayer bond is held by polar covalent bonds consistent of
2 H
1 O
Hydrogen form one water molecule can form
Hydrogen bond with oxygen from another water molecule
Chemical reactions
Making /breaking bonds between atoms
In chemical reactions total number of atoms
Remain the same
In chemical reactions atoms are ______ forming_____ ith new properties
Rearragned ; new moleuces
In chemical reactions; reactants are
Starting material
In chemical reactions products are
Ending material
Energy is required to
Form/break bonds
Activation energy:
Energy required for a reaction to occur
Endergonic reactions
Require energy overall
Exergonic reactions:
Release energy overall
What are the 2 types of chemical reaction
Synthesis and decompostion
Sythesis reaction
Multiple reacts combine -> new, larger molecule
Sythesis reaction is created from
New bonds
In synthesis reactions anabolic means
Making/outting together
In synthesis reaction anabolic reactions require energy which means they are
Endergonic
Decomposition reactions break
Into smaller parts
In decomposition reactions bonds are
Broken
Catabolic reaction means
Breaking down ( releases energy; exergonic)
Reversibility chemical rxn
Some rxns are reversible ( end product can revert to original reactants)
Why can reactions be reverisble ?
Neither reactants nor products are very stable
Sometimes only occur under special circumstances
Solution
Solute dissolved in a solvent
Solute
Substance being dissolved
Solvent
Dissolving medium
Water is the most _____ componet of all cels
Adbundent
Water is a good ____
Solvent
Hydrophillic is _____ to water
Attracted
Dissolve in water, polar
Hydrophobic is _____ by water
Repelled
Wont disolve in water, nonpolar
Amphipathic
Contains both hydrophilic and hydrophibic parts
Condensation reaction
2 molecules combine and produce water
Hydrolysis is
Breaking down with the addition of water
salts dissociate in _____creating _____ & ______
Water; cations & anions
Acid ____ in water and is a _____
Dissociate & proton donor
Base______ in water and is a _____
Dissociates ; Proton acceptor
pH is measure of hydrogen ion _____
Concentration
The pH scale is from ___ to ___
0-14
Acidic
pH less than 7
More H; less OH
neutral pH =
7
Basic pH is
Greater than 7
Less H; More OH
pH buffers are biochemical reactions are____ to small changes
Sensitve
pH buffer need to maintain
pH
pH buffers resist changes in ____
pH
Consist of weak acid and a weak base
An organic compound consists of ____ skeleton and the organic molecules combine to create _____
Carbon; macromolecules
Macromolecules are _________, lipids, protein, ______
Carbohydrates, Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates main function is ____ and structural components
Energy source
Monosaccharide are linked by _____
Glycosidic bonds
1 carbohydrate molecule
Monosaccharide
2 monosaccharide linked togther
Disaccharide
Many monosaccharide linked together
Polysaccharide
Lipids main function is components of _____and energy source
Membranes
Lipids are _____ and classified as simple and ______
Hydrophobic and complex
Simple lipids are consistent as glycerol and ____ by ____
Fatty acid by ester bond
Simple lipid glycerol +1 fatty acid is
Monoglyceride
Simple lipid glycerol + 2 fatty acid is
Diglyceride
Simple lipids of glycerol + 3 fatty acid
Triglyceride
Saturated fatty acid
No carbon- carbon double bonds
Solid at room temp
Unsaturated fatty acid
Contains one or more carbon - carbon double bonds
Liquid at room temp
Complex lipids are glycerol +fatty acid+ ( phosprus, nitrogen, sulfur)
And example is
Phsopholipids
An amphipathic phospholid is head = and tails =
Head = polar ( hydrophilic) Tails = nonpolar ( hydrophobic)
Phospholipid main function
Major structural component of plasma membrane
Lipids
Structure: 4 carbon rings
Function: found in plasma membrane and hromones
Ex: cholesterol- provides strength to cell membrane
Streiods
Main function: cell structure and function
Composed of amino acid linked by peptide bonds
Proteins
Central carbon, amino group, hydrogen, carboxyl group, R group
Amino acid structure
Pprotein shape = essential for function
Hostile enviroment>protein loss its shape> no longer functional
Protein denaturation
DNA & RNA
Composed of Nucleotides
Nitogenous base, pentose, phosphate group
Nucleic acids
Sequence in which amino acids are linked
Protein primary structure
Hydrogen bonding between atoms-> localized twisitng Does not inlove R group Types of secodnary structures - alpha helix - beta-pleated sheets
Protein Secodnary structure
Overall 3D shape
Involves interactions between R groups
Protein Tertiary structure
Attraction betwen R groups with opposite charges
Ionic bonds
Hydrophobic R groups cluster together on inside of protein
Hydrophobic interactions
Sulfers on 2 cysteines bind
Disulfide bonds
2 or more polypeptide chains act as a single unit
Not found in all proteins
Protein Quaternary structure
