Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Chemistry And Macromolecules > Flashcards

Chemistry And Macromolecules Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All matter is composed of ______

A

Atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

An atoms is what?

A

Smallest component of a substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Atoms combine to create _____

A

Molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chesity is the study of ______

A

Interactions between atoms and molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The nucleus is the

A

Central core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The nucleus contains

A

Protons (postitive charge)

neutrons (no charge)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The overall charge of the nucleus is

A

Positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the nucleus not participate in?

A

Chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The electron shell contains what?

A

Electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The electron shell has an overall charge of

A

Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The electron shell participates in what?

A

Chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Most atoms contain and equal number of

A

Protons and electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ions are and exception of equal number of protons and neutrons beacause

A

They contain unequal number of protons and electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ions are charges so they are either a

A

Cation: positive charge or
Anion: negatiev charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

An atomic number is

A

Total number of protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Atomic mass is total number of

A

Protons and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Chemical elements

A

Matter composed of only one type of atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Each element has

A

Own name and symbol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lifes mist abundant elementas are

A
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • nitrogen
  • oxygen
  • phosphorus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Carbon is the

A

Main structural component of organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hydrogen is

A

Component of water and many organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nitrogen

A

Component of amino acid and nucleic acid

Major atmospheric gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Oxygen is

A
  • Component of water and many organic moelucles

- required for metabolism in many orgs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Phosohorus components are

A

Phospholipids
Nucleic acids
ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Electron configurations are

A

Arrangement of electron in electron shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Inner most electron shell holds

A

2 electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

2nd electron shell holds

A

8 electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

3rd electrin shell holds

A

8 electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The outermost shell is called

A

Valence shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Valance shell is not always ?

A

Completley full

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Full valance electron =

A

Atom most stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Unfilled valence shell =

A

Atom not stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Reactivity is

A

Tendency to react with other atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Reactivity si determined by

A

Number of e in valence shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What ouccurs during reactivity if full valence shell?

A

Unlikely to react

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What occurs during reactivity to unfilled valence shell ?

A

Likely to react

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

During reactivity when atoms reacts ->

A

Both atoms have full valence shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What do bonds do ?

A

Hold atoms together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Types of bonds (4)

A

Ionic, covalent, polar covalent, hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

During an ionic bond what occurs

A

On atom loses electron another atom gains electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Ionic bonds are a result of

A

Opposite charges attract to one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

During a covalent bond atoms ?

A

Share elctrons orbit both atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

During covalent bonds what happens to valence shells

A

Both atoms are filled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

A single covalent bond

A

Atoms share one pair of electorns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Doubel covalent bond

A

Atoms share 2 pairs of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Triple covalent bond

A

Atoms share 3 pairs of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Polar covalent bonds polarity

A

Unequal distribution of charges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

2 atoms share electrons unequally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Electrostatic attraction between hydrogen and Oxygen or hydrogen and nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Electrostatic

A

Attraction due to opposite charges

51
Q

Hydrogren bonds are ?

A

Weak

52
Q

Hydrogen bonds are result

A

from polarity of molecules

53
Q

A wayer bond is held by polar covalent bonds consistent of

A

2 H

1 O

54
Q

Hydrogen form one water molecule can form

A

Hydrogen bond with oxygen from another water molecule

55
Q

Chemical reactions

A

Making /breaking bonds between atoms

56
Q

In chemical reactions total number of atoms

A

Remain the same

57
Q

In chemical reactions atoms are ______ forming_____ ith new properties

A

Rearragned ; new moleuces

58
Q

In chemical reactions; reactants are

A

Starting material

59
Q

In chemical reactions products are

A

Ending material

60
Q

Energy is required to

A

Form/break bonds

61
Q

Activation energy:

A

Energy required for a reaction to occur

62
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

Require energy overall

63
Q

Exergonic reactions:

A

Release energy overall

64
Q

What are the 2 types of chemical reaction

A

Synthesis and decompostion

65
Q

Sythesis reaction

A

Multiple reacts combine -> new, larger molecule

66
Q

Sythesis reaction is created from

A

New bonds

67
Q

In synthesis reactions anabolic means

A

Making/outting together

68
Q

In synthesis reaction anabolic reactions require energy which means they are

A

Endergonic

69
Q

Decomposition reactions break

A

Into smaller parts

70
Q

In decomposition reactions bonds are

A

Broken

71
Q

Catabolic reaction means

A 
Breaking down 
( releases energy; exergonic)
72
Q

Reversibility chemical rxn

A

Some rxns are reversible ( end product can revert to original reactants)

73
Q

Why can reactions be reverisble ?

A

Neither reactants nor products are very stable

Sometimes only occur under special circumstances

74
Q

Solution

A

Solute dissolved in a solvent

75
Q

Solute

A

Substance being dissolved

76
Q

Solvent

A

Dissolving medium

77
Q

Water is the most _____ componet of all cels

A

Adbundent

78
Q

Water is a good ____

A

Solvent

79
Q

Hydrophillic is _____ to water

A

Attracted

Dissolve in water, polar

80
Q

Hydrophobic is _____ by water

A

Repelled

Wont disolve in water, nonpolar

81
Q

Amphipathic

A

Contains both hydrophilic and hydrophibic parts

82
Q

Condensation reaction

A

2 molecules combine and produce water

83
Q

Hydrolysis is

A

Breaking down with the addition of water

84
Q

salts dissociate in _____creating _____ & ______

A

Water; cations & anions

85
Q

Acid ____ in water and is a _____

A

Dissociate & proton donor

86
Q

Base______ in water and is a _____

A

Dissociates ; Proton acceptor

87
Q

pH is measure of hydrogen ion _____

A

Concentration

88
Q

The pH scale is from ___ to ___

A

0-14

89
Q

Acidic

A

pH less than 7

More H; less OH

90
Q

neutral pH =

A

7

91
Q

Basic pH is

A

Greater than 7

Less H; More OH

92
Q

pH buffers are biochemical reactions are____ to small changes

A

Sensitve

93
Q

pH buffer need to maintain

A

pH

94
Q

pH buffers resist changes in ____

A

pH

Consist of weak acid and a weak base

95
Q

An organic compound consists of ____ skeleton and the organic molecules combine to create _____

A

Carbon; macromolecules

96
Q

Macromolecules are _________, lipids, protein, ______

A

Carbohydrates, Nucleic acids

97
Q

Carbohydrates main function is ____ and structural components

A

Energy source

98
Q

Monosaccharide are linked by _____

A

Glycosidic bonds

99
Q

1 carbohydrate molecule

A

Monosaccharide

100
Q

2 monosaccharide linked togther

A

Disaccharide

101
Q

Many monosaccharide linked together

A

Polysaccharide

102
Q

Lipids main function is components of _____and energy source

A

Membranes

103
Q

Lipids are _____ and classified as simple and ______

A

Hydrophobic and complex

104
Q

Simple lipids are consistent as glycerol and ____ by ____

A

Fatty acid by ester bond

105
Q

Simple lipid glycerol +1 fatty acid is

A

Monoglyceride

106
Q

Simple lipid glycerol + 2 fatty acid is

A

Diglyceride

107
Q

Simple lipids of glycerol + 3 fatty acid

A

Triglyceride

108
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

No carbon- carbon double bonds

Solid at room temp

109
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

Contains one or more carbon - carbon double bonds

Liquid at room temp

110
Q

Complex lipids are glycerol +fatty acid+ ( phosprus, nitrogen, sulfur)
And example is

A

Phsopholipids

111
Q

An amphipathic phospholid is head = and tails =

A 
Head = polar ( hydrophilic) 
Tails = nonpolar ( hydrophobic)
112
Q

Phospholipid main function

A

Major structural component of plasma membrane

113
Q

Lipids
Structure: 4 carbon rings
Function: found in plasma membrane and hromones
Ex: cholesterol- provides strength to cell membrane

A

Streiods

114
Q

Main function: cell structure and function

Composed of amino acid linked by peptide bonds

A

Proteins

115
Q

Central carbon, amino group, hydrogen, carboxyl group, R group

A

Amino acid structure

116
Q

Pprotein shape = essential for function

Hostile enviroment>protein loss its shape> no longer functional

A

Protein denaturation

117
Q

DNA & RNA
Composed of Nucleotides
Nitogenous base, pentose, phosphate group

A

Nucleic acids

118
Q

Sequence in which amino acids are linked

A

Protein primary structure

119
Q 
Hydrogen bonding between atoms-> localized twisitng 
Does not inlove R group 
Types of secodnary structures 
- alpha helix 
- beta-pleated sheets
A

Protein Secodnary structure

120
Q

Overall 3D shape

Involves interactions between R groups

A

Protein Tertiary structure

121
Q

Attraction betwen R groups with opposite charges

A

Ionic bonds

122
Q

Hydrophobic R groups cluster together on inside of protein

A

Hydrophobic interactions

123
Q

Sulfers on 2 cysteines bind

A

Disulfide bonds

124
Q

2 or more polypeptide chains act as a single unit

Not found in all proteins

A

Protein Quaternary structure

Microbiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions