Chemistry And Macromolecules Flashcards
1
Q
All matter is composed of ______
A
Atoms
2
Q
An atoms is what?
A
Smallest component of a substance
3
Q
Atoms combine to create _____
A
Molecules
4
Q
Chesity is the study of ______
A
Interactions between atoms and molecules
5
Q
The nucleus is the
A
Central core
6
Q
The nucleus contains
A
Protons (postitive charge)
neutrons (no charge)
7
Q
The overall charge of the nucleus is
A
Positive
8
Q
What does the nucleus not participate in?
A
Chemical reactions
9
Q
The electron shell contains what?
A
Electrons
10
Q
The electron shell has an overall charge of
A
Negative
11
Q
The electron shell participates in what?
A
Chemical reactions
12
Q
Most atoms contain and equal number of
A
Protons and electrons
13
Q
Ions are and exception of equal number of protons and neutrons beacause
A
They contain unequal number of protons and electrons
14
Q
Ions are charges so they are either a
A
Cation: positive charge or
Anion: negatiev charge
15
Q
An atomic number is
A
Total number of protons
16
Q
Atomic mass is total number of
A
Protons and neutrons
17
Q
Chemical elements
A
Matter composed of only one type of atom
18
Q
Each element has
A
Own name and symbol
19
Q
Lifes mist abundant elementas are
A
- carbon
- hydrogen
- nitrogen
- oxygen
- phosphorus
20
Q
Carbon is the
A
Main structural component of organic molecules
21
Q
Hydrogen is
A
Component of water and many organic molecules
22
Q
Nitrogen
A
Component of amino acid and nucleic acid
Major atmospheric gas
23
Q
Oxygen is
A
- Component of water and many organic moelucles
- required for metabolism in many orgs
24
Q
Phosohorus components are
A
Phospholipids
Nucleic acids
ATP
25
Electron configurations are
Arrangement of electron in electron shells
26
Inner most electron shell holds
2 electrons
27
2nd electron shell holds
8 electrons
28
3rd electrin shell holds
8 electrons
29
The outermost shell is called
Valence shell
30
Valance shell is not always ?
Completley full
31
Full valance electron =
Atom most stable
32
Unfilled valence shell =
Atom not stable
33
Reactivity is
Tendency to react with other atoms
34
Reactivity si determined by
Number of e in valence shell
35
What ouccurs during reactivity if full valence shell?
Unlikely to react
36
What occurs during reactivity to unfilled valence shell ?
Likely to react
37
During reactivity when atoms reacts ->
Both atoms have full valence shell
38
What do bonds do ?
Hold atoms together
39
Types of bonds (4)
Ionic, covalent, polar covalent, hydrogen
40
During an ionic bond what occurs
On atom loses electron another atom gains electrons
41
Ionic bonds are a result of
Opposite charges attract to one another
42
During a covalent bond atoms ?
Share elctrons orbit both atoms
43
During covalent bonds what happens to valence shells
Both atoms are filled
44
A single covalent bond
Atoms share one pair of electorns
45
Doubel covalent bond
Atoms share 2 pairs of electrons
46
Triple covalent bond
Atoms share 3 pairs of electrons
47
Polar covalent bonds polarity
Unequal distribution of charges
48
Polar covalent bond
2 atoms share electrons unequally
49
Hydrogen bonds
Electrostatic attraction between hydrogen and Oxygen or hydrogen and nitrogen
50
Electrostatic
Attraction due to opposite charges
51
Hydrogren bonds are ?
Weak
52
Hydrogen bonds are result
from polarity of molecules
53
A wayer bond is held by polar covalent bonds consistent of
2 H
| 1 O
54
Hydrogen form one water molecule can form
Hydrogen bond with oxygen from another water molecule
55
Chemical reactions
Making /breaking bonds between atoms
56
In chemical reactions total number of atoms
Remain the same
57
In chemical reactions atoms are ______ forming_____ ith new properties
Rearragned ; new moleuces
58
In chemical reactions; reactants are
Starting material
59
In chemical reactions products are
Ending material
60
Energy is required to
Form/break bonds
61
Activation energy:
Energy required for a reaction to occur
62
Endergonic reactions
Require energy overall
63
Exergonic reactions:
Release energy overall
64
What are the 2 types of chemical reaction
Synthesis and decompostion
65
Sythesis reaction
Multiple reacts combine -> new, larger molecule
66
Sythesis reaction is created from
New bonds
67
In synthesis reactions anabolic means
Making/outting together
68
In synthesis reaction anabolic reactions require energy which means they are
Endergonic
69
Decomposition reactions break
Into smaller parts
70
In decomposition reactions bonds are
Broken
71
Catabolic reaction means
```
Breaking down
( releases energy; exergonic)
```
72
Reversibility chemical rxn
Some rxns are reversible ( end product can revert to original reactants)
73
Why can reactions be reverisble ?
Neither reactants nor products are very stable
| Sometimes only occur under special circumstances
74
Solution
Solute dissolved in a solvent
75
Solute
Substance being dissolved
76
Solvent
Dissolving medium
77
Water is the most _____ componet of all cels
Adbundent
78
Water is a good ____
Solvent
79
Hydrophillic is _____ to water
Attracted
| Dissolve in water, polar
80
Hydrophobic is _____ by water
Repelled
| Wont disolve in water, nonpolar
81
Amphipathic
Contains both hydrophilic and hydrophibic parts
82
Condensation reaction
2 molecules combine and produce water
83
Hydrolysis is
Breaking down with the addition of water
84
salts dissociate in _____creating _____ & ______
Water; cations & anions
85
Acid ____ in water and is a _____
Dissociate & proton donor
86
Base______ in water and is a _____
Dissociates ; Proton acceptor
87
pH is measure of hydrogen ion _____
Concentration
88
The pH scale is from ___ to ___
0-14
89
Acidic
pH less than 7
| More H; less OH
90
neutral pH =
7
91
Basic pH is
Greater than 7
| Less H; More OH
92
pH buffers are biochemical reactions are____ to small changes
Sensitve
93
pH buffer need to maintain
pH
94
pH buffers resist changes in ____
pH
| Consist of weak acid and a weak base
95
An organic compound consists of ____ skeleton and the organic molecules combine to create _____
Carbon; macromolecules
96
Macromolecules are _________, lipids, protein, ______
Carbohydrates, Nucleic acids
97
Carbohydrates main function is ____ and structural components
Energy source
98
Monosaccharide are linked by _____
Glycosidic bonds
99
1 carbohydrate molecule
Monosaccharide
100
2 monosaccharide linked togther
Disaccharide
101
Many monosaccharide linked together
Polysaccharide
102
Lipids main function is components of _____and energy source
Membranes
103
Lipids are _____ and classified as simple and ______
Hydrophobic and complex
104
Simple lipids are consistent as glycerol and ____ by ____
Fatty acid by ester bond
105
Simple lipid glycerol +1 fatty acid is
Monoglyceride
106
Simple lipid glycerol + 2 fatty acid is
Diglyceride
107
Simple lipids of glycerol + 3 fatty acid
Triglyceride
108
Saturated fatty acid
No carbon- carbon double bonds
| Solid at room temp
109
Unsaturated fatty acid
Contains one or more carbon - carbon double bonds
| Liquid at room temp
110
Complex lipids are glycerol +fatty acid+ ( phosprus, nitrogen, sulfur)
And example is
Phsopholipids
111
An amphipathic phospholid is head = and tails =
```
Head = polar ( hydrophilic)
Tails = nonpolar ( hydrophobic)
```
112
Phospholipid main function
Major structural component of plasma membrane
113
Lipids
Structure: 4 carbon rings
Function: found in plasma membrane and hromones
Ex: cholesterol- provides strength to cell membrane
Streiods
114
Main function: cell structure and function
| Composed of amino acid linked by peptide bonds
Proteins
115
Central carbon, amino group, hydrogen, carboxyl group, R group
Amino acid structure
116
Pprotein shape = essential for function
| Hostile enviroment>protein loss its shape> no longer functional
Protein denaturation
117
DNA & RNA
Composed of Nucleotides
Nitogenous base, pentose, phosphate group
Nucleic acids
118
Sequence in which amino acids are linked
Protein primary structure
119
```
Hydrogen bonding between atoms-> localized twisitng
Does not inlove R group
Types of secodnary structures
- alpha helix
- beta-pleated sheets
```
Protein Secodnary structure
120
Overall 3D shape
| Involves interactions between R groups
Protein Tertiary structure
121
Attraction betwen R groups with opposite charges
Ionic bonds
122
Hydrophobic R groups cluster together on inside of protein
Hydrophobic interactions
123
Sulfers on 2 cysteines bind
Disulfide bonds
124
2 or more polypeptide chains act as a single unit
| Not found in all proteins
Protein Quaternary structure
