Cellular Characteristics + Prokaryotes Flashcards by Kimberly Castillo

Cellular characteristics can be classified as ______ or _______

Prokaryotes & eukaryotes

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All cellular characteristis include plasma membrane, cytoplam, ______, ______

Nucleic acid, ribosomes

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Maintain cell shape

Allows substance in/out

Plasma membrane function

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Phospholipid

Proteins

Plasma membrane consits

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One head

hydrophillic
polar

Phospholpid head

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Two fatty acid tails

hydrophobic
non-polar

Phospholipid tails

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2 layers of phospholipids (bilayer)
Heads on edges
Tails face inwards

Phospholipids in plamsa membrane

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Plasma membrane has permeability (selective)

Size

-small molecules pass more easily

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Hydrophobic molecules pass more easily

Lipid solubility

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Uncharged molecules pass more easily

Charge permeability

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At surface of membrane not inserted into hydrophobic tails

Peripheral proteins

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Integrated into membrane interested into hydrophobic tails

Intergal protein

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Postionting:

can extend only part way into membrane
can extend across entire membrane

Intergal protein

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High concentration -> low concentration

No energy input required

Passive proccess

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Low concentration -> high concentration

Energy input required

Active process

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Simple diff. Facilitated diff. Osmosis are ______ process

Passive

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High concentration -> low concentration
Directly through membrane
-doesnt involve integral membrane proteins

Simple diffusion

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High concentration -> low concentration through intergal membrane proteins (transporter proteins)

Facilitated diffusion

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Form channels

Non-specific

Channel protein

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Bind molecule->change shape

Specific

Carrier proteins

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Movement of water across membrane from high concentration of water -> low concentration water
water moves to high concentration of solutes
water can cross directly or use aquaporins

Osmosis

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Channels that allow water to quickly cross membrane

Aquaporins

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Ability of a solution to make water move into or out of a cell via osmosis

Tonicity

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Solute concentration is the same inside and
outside cell
-Water moves equally into and out of cell

Isotonic solution

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Solute concentration is greater outside the cell | -Water moves out of cell -> plasmolysis (shriveling of cytoplasm)

Hypertonic solution

-Solute concentration is less outside the cell -Water moves into cell -> lysis (cell bursts)

Hypotonic solution

Low to high concentration | -Require energy (ATP)

Active process

Molecule isn’t altered | -In prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Group translocation

Molecule is altered | -In prokaryotes only

Group translocation

Inside plasma membrane | -Mostly water

Cytoplasm

Include DNA and RNA | Differs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Nucleic acid

Site of protein synthesis - Composed of proteins + ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - Differs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Ribosomes

Before

Pro

Karyo

Nucleus

- Before nucleus developed | - Include bacteria and archaea

Prokaryotes

Flagella/Archaella - Fimbriae/pili - Axial filaments - Glycocalyx

Prokaryotic cell wall

Long appendages that propel some bacteria

Bacterial flagella

Function: motility

Bacterial flagella

Self-directed movement of an organism

Motility

One flagellum

Monotirchous

Multiple flagella at one end

Lophotrichous

Flagella at both ends

Amphitrichous

Flagella surround entire cell

Peritrichous

No flagella

Atrichous

Filament of bacterial flagellum

Outermost region

Filament composed od

Flagellin, hollow inside

Bacterial flagellum hook

Links filament to basal body

Basal body of bacterial flagellum

Anchors flaguellum to cell wall and plamsa membrane

Results from rotation of basal body | Rings of basal body rotate -> filament spins

Movement of Bacterial flagella

Bacteria swim in stright line | Flagella rotate counter-clockwise

Motility is Run

Bacteria turn in random manner | Flagella rotate clockwise

Tumble

Movement toward/away from a substance

Taxis

movement toward a substance (attractant) | -Many runs, few tumbles

Positive taxis

movement away from a substance (repellent) | -Frequency of tumbles increases

Negative taxis

Movement toward/away from chemicals

Chemotaxis

``` On motile Function: motility Rotate like flagella Differences from bacterial flagella: ______ are thinner Consist of archaellins Solid ```

Archaella

Short, thin, proteinaceous appendages Many per cell Function: mediate attachment to surfaces

Fimbriae

Usually longer than fimbriae 1 or 2 per cell Functions: motility and DNA transfer

Pili

Found in spirochetes -Spirochete: type of spiral bacteria -Contain outer sheath (outside cell wall) Located between outer sheath and cell wall Function: motility

Axial filaments

Sticky, gelatinous substance outside cell wall Composed of polysaccharides, proteins, or both

Glycocalyx

organized and firmly attached to the cell wall | -Composed of uncharged polysaccharides

Glycocalyx capsule

unorganized and easily removed from the cell | wall

Slime layer

helps cells in a biofilm attach to a surface/each other

Glycocalyx extracellular polymeric substance

Degree of oathogenicity

Virulence

-Prevent desiccation -Adhere to surfaces -> attach and cause infection -Resist phagocytosis -Nutritional reserve

The capsules increase bacterial virulence

- Surrounds plasma membrane - Composed of peptidoglycan - Basis for differentiating Gram-positive from Gram- negative bacteria

Bacterial cell wall

Space between plamsa membrane and cell wall

Gram positive bacteria

Space between plasma membrane and outer membrane

Gram -negative bacteria

No cell wall | No defined shape

Mycoplasma

Cell wall contains mycolic acid Mycolic acid prevent: Desiccation Digestion after phagocytosis

Acid fast bacteria

Atypical cell wall include ______ species

Mycobacterium and nocardia

Composition of primary phospholipids & proteins

Prokaryote plasma membrane

Nucleoid, ribosome, inclusions

Prokaryotic cytoplasm

Where bacterial DNA is stored | -not surrouunded by a nuclear membrane

Nucleoid

Single circular chromsome

Bacterial DNa structure

``` Function: protein synthesis -70S -Composed of 2 subunits 50S subunit 30S subunit ```

Prokaryotic ribosomes

glycogen and starch storage

Polysaccharide granules

Lipid storage

Lipid inclusions

Sulfur storage

Sulfur granules

Formed by some bacteria (Bacillus and Clostridium) -Actively metabolizing cells: vegetative cells -______: dormant state—not actively metabolizing -Highly durable -Coat composed of keratin and calcium diplocholinate Formed via sporogenesis Triggered by harsh conditions

Endospores

- When environment improves, endospore will _____ back into vegetative body - Layers surrounding endospore are broken down,water enters, metabolism resumes - One endospore germinates back into one vegetative body - Doesn’t increase the number of cells

Emdospore Germination