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Microbiology > Cellular Characteristics + Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Cellular Characteristics + Prokaryotes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cellular characteristics can be classified as ______ or _______

A

Prokaryotes & eukaryotes

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2
Q

All cellular characteristis include plasma membrane, cytoplam, ______, ______

A

Nucleic acid, ribosomes

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3
Q

Maintain cell shape

Allows substance in/out

A

Plasma membrane function

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4
Q

Phospholipid

Proteins

A

Plasma membrane consits

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5
Q

One head

  • hydrophillic
  • polar
A

Phospholpid head

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6
Q

Two fatty acid tails

  • hydrophobic
  • non-polar
A

Phospholipid tails

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7
Q

2 layers of phospholipids (bilayer)
Heads on edges
Tails face inwards

A

Phospholipids in plamsa membrane

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8
Q

Plasma membrane has permeability (selective)

A

Size

-small molecules pass more easily

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9
Q

Hydrophobic molecules pass more easily

A

Lipid solubility

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10
Q

Uncharged molecules pass more easily

A

Charge permeability

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11
Q

At surface of membrane not inserted into hydrophobic tails

A

Peripheral proteins

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12
Q

Integrated into membrane interested into hydrophobic tails

A

Intergal protein

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13
Q

Postionting:

  • can extend only part way into membrane
  • can extend across entire membrane
A

Intergal protein

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14
Q

High concentration -> low concentration

No energy input required

A

Passive proccess

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15
Q

Low concentration -> high concentration

Energy input required

A

Active process

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16
Q

Simple diff. Facilitated diff. Osmosis are ______ process

A

Passive

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17
Q

High concentration -> low concentration
Directly through membrane
-doesnt involve integral membrane proteins

A

Simple diffusion

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18
Q

High concentration -> low concentration through intergal membrane proteins (transporter proteins)

A

Facilitated diffusion

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19
Q

Form channels

Non-specific

A

Channel protein

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20
Q

Bind molecule->change shape

Specific

A

Carrier proteins

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21
Q
  • Movement of water across membrane from high concentration of water -> low concentration water
  • water moves to high concentration of solutes
  • water can cross directly or use aquaporins
A

Osmosis

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22
Q

Channels that allow water to quickly cross membrane

A

Aquaporins

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23
Q

Ability of a solution to make water move into or out of a cell via osmosis

A

Tonicity

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24
Q

Solute concentration is the same inside and
outside cell
-Water moves equally into and out of cell

A

Isotonic solution

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25
Q

Solute concentration is greater outside the cell

-Water moves out of cell -> plasmolysis (shriveling of cytoplasm)

A

Hypertonic solution

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26
Q

-Solute concentration is less outside the cell -Water moves into cell -> lysis (cell bursts)

A

Hypotonic solution

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27
Q

Low to high concentration

-Require energy (ATP)

A

Active process

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28
Q

Molecule isn’t altered

-In prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Group translocation

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29
Q

Molecule is altered

-In prokaryotes only

A

Group translocation

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30
Q

Inside plasma membrane

-Mostly water

A

Cytoplasm

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31
Q

Include DNA and RNA

Differs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Nucleic acid

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32
Q

Site of protein synthesis

  • Composed of proteins + ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  • Differs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
A

Ribosomes

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33
Q

Before

A

Pro

34
Q

Karyo

A

Nucleus

35
Q
  • Before nucleus developed

- Include bacteria and archaea

A

Prokaryotes

36
Q

Flagella/Archaella

  • Fimbriae/pili
  • Axial filaments
  • Glycocalyx
A

Prokaryotic cell wall

37
Q

Long appendages that propel some bacteria

A

Bacterial flagella

38
Q

Function: motility

A

Bacterial flagella

39
Q

Self-directed movement of an organism

A

Motility

40
Q

One flagellum

A

Monotirchous

41
Q

Multiple flagella at one end

A

Lophotrichous

42
Q

Flagella at both ends

A

Amphitrichous

43
Q

Flagella surround entire cell

A

Peritrichous

44
Q

No flagella

A

Atrichous

45
Q

Filament of bacterial flagellum

A

Outermost region

46
Q

Filament composed od

A

Flagellin, hollow inside

47
Q

Bacterial flagellum hook

A

Links filament to basal body

48
Q

Basal body of bacterial flagellum

A

Anchors flaguellum to cell wall and plamsa membrane

49
Q

Results from rotation of basal body

Rings of basal body rotate -> filament spins

A

Movement of Bacterial flagella

50
Q

Bacteria swim in stright line

Flagella rotate counter-clockwise

A

Motility is Run

51
Q

Bacteria turn in random manner

Flagella rotate clockwise

A

Tumble

52
Q

Movement toward/away from a substance

A

Taxis

53
Q

movement toward a substance (attractant)

-Many runs, few tumbles

A

Positive taxis

54
Q

movement away from a substance (repellent)

-Frequency of tumbles increases

A

Negative taxis

55
Q

Movement toward/away from chemicals

A

Chemotaxis

56
Q 
On motile 
Function: motility 
Rotate like flagella
Differences from bacterial flagella:
     \_\_\_\_\_\_ are thinner
     Consist of archaellins
      Solid
A

Archaella

57
Q

Short, thin, proteinaceous appendages
Many per cell
Function: mediate attachment to surfaces

A

Fimbriae

58
Q

Usually longer than fimbriae
1 or 2 per cell
Functions: motility and DNA transfer

A

Pili

59
Q

Found in spirochetes
-Spirochete: type of spiral bacteria
-Contain outer sheath (outside cell wall)
Located between outer sheath and cell wall
Function: motility

A

Axial filaments

60
Q

Sticky, gelatinous substance outside cell wall

Composed of polysaccharides, proteins, or both

A

Glycocalyx

61
Q

organized and firmly attached to the cell wall

-Composed of uncharged polysaccharides

A

Glycocalyx capsule

62
Q

unorganized and easily removed from the cell

wall

A

Slime layer

63
Q

helps cells in a biofilm attach to a surface/each other

A

Glycocalyx extracellular polymeric substance

64
Q

Degree of oathogenicity

A

Virulence

65
Q

-Prevent desiccation
-Adhere to surfaces -> attach and cause
infection
-Resist phagocytosis
-Nutritional reserve

A

The capsules increase bacterial virulence

66
Q
  • Surrounds plasma membrane
  • Composed of peptidoglycan
  • Basis for differentiating Gram-positive from Gram- negative bacteria
A

Bacterial cell wall

67
Q

Space between plamsa membrane and cell wall

A

Gram positive bacteria

68
Q

Space between plasma membrane and outer membrane

A

Gram -negative bacteria

69
Q

No cell wall

No defined shape

A

Mycoplasma

70
Q

Cell wall contains mycolic acid
Mycolic acid prevent:
Desiccation
Digestion after phagocytosis

A

Acid fast bacteria

71
Q

Atypical cell wall include ______ species

A

Mycobacterium and nocardia

72
Q

Composition of primary phospholipids & proteins

A

Prokaryote plasma membrane

73
Q

Nucleoid, ribosome, inclusions

A

Prokaryotic cytoplasm

74
Q

Where bacterial DNA is stored

-not surrouunded by a nuclear membrane

A

Nucleoid

75
Q

Single circular chromsome

A

Bacterial DNa structure

76
Q 
Function: protein synthesis 
-70S
-Composed of 2 subunits
  50S subunit 
   30S subunit
A

Prokaryotic ribosomes

77
Q

glycogen and starch storage

A

Polysaccharide granules

78
Q

Lipid storage

A

Lipid inclusions

79
Q

Sulfur storage

A

Sulfur granules

80
Q

Formed by some bacteria (Bacillus and Clostridium)
-Actively metabolizing cells: vegetative cells -______: dormant state—not actively metabolizing -Highly durable
-Coat composed of keratin and calcium diplocholinate
Formed via sporogenesis
Triggered by harsh conditions

A

Endospores

81
Q
  • When environment improves, endospore will
    _____ back into vegetative body
  • Layers surrounding endospore are broken down,water enters, metabolism resumes
  • One endospore germinates back into one vegetative body
  • Doesn’t increase the number of cells
A

Emdospore Germination

Microbiology (7 decks)

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