Cellular/prokaryotes patho

Question 1

Helibacter pylori stain

Answer 1

Gram neg. spiral

Question 2

Helicobacter pylori causes

Answer 2

Peptic ulcers

Question 3

Helicobacter pylori transmission

Answer 3

Fecal-oral route

Question 4

Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis

Answer 4

Use flagella to swim through acidic stomach
-> mucus layer
-Produce urease: converts urea to ammonia
+ CO2
-Ammonia = basic
-Increases local pH
Colonizes mucus directly above epithelial

Question 5

Peptic ulcers sign

Answer 5

• Burning sensation in stomach
• nausea/vomitting
• blood in stool/ black stool

Question 6

Peptic Ulcers Dx

Answer 6

Bx of tissue
Urea breath test
(Test increased CO2)

Question 7

Peptic Ulcers Tx

Answer 7

Antibiotics + peto-bismol

Question 8

Acid-fast rod

Slow grower

Answer 8

Mycobacterium leprae

Question 9

Mycobacterium leprae causes

Answer 9

Leprosy

Question 10

Mycobacterium leprae transmission

Answer 10

Unknown (droplet)

Question 11

Mycobacterium leprae pathogenesis

Answer 11

Phagocytized by macrophages
-Mycobacterium leprae can survive inside
macrophages
-Mycobacterium leprae grow in tissue macrophages and cells of peripheral nervous system

Question 12

Tuberculoid leprosy signs

Answer 12

Discolored regiosn of the skin

-loss of sensation

Question 13

Tuberculoid leprosy signs

Answer 13

Possibke nodules

Question 14

Lepromatous leprosy signs

Answer 14

Nodules
Lack of sensation in hands/feet
Deformation of digits
Tissue necrosis

Question 15

Leprosy Dx

Answer 15

Bx

Acid fast stain

Question 16

Leprosy Tx

Answer 16

Multidrug therapy

Question 17

Clostridium tetani produce

Answer 17

Endospores

Question 18

Clostridium tetani gram stain

Answer 18

Gram (+)

Question 19

Clostridium tetani is obligate anaerobe which means that will only grow in absence of

Answer 19

Oxygen

Question 20

Clostridium tetani causes

Answer 20

Tetanus

Question 21

Clostridium tetani transmission

Answer 21

• Clostridium tetani endospores enter wound

- Contaminated object punctures skin

Question 22

• In anaerobic conditions, endospores germinate into vegetative cells
• Clostridium tetani vegetative cells produce tetanospasmin—strong neurotoxin
• Enters CNS
• Blocks nerve impulses to relax muscle contraction —- uncontrollable, sustained muscle contractions
• Can progress to extreme case—back muscle spasms—head and heels bow backward (opisthotonos)

Answer 22

Clostridium pathogenesis

Question 23

Tetanus signs

Answer 23

Tightening of jaw muscles
Muscle spasms
Trouble swallowing
Opisthotonos

Question 24

Tetanus Dx

Answer 24

Examination of patient

Question 25

Tetanus Tx

Answer 25

Drugs to control muscle spasms
Metronidazole or Penicillin G
Human tetanus immunoglobulin