Chemistry Flashcards
Molecules that can ionize in water and generate an electric current are called
electrolytes
Free radicals can be neutralized by
antioxidants
Which of the following is NOT an inorganic element of the human body?
Aluminum
Unstable atoms with unpaired electrons that can damage tissues are called
Free radicals
Which of the following is not a property of water?
It is an electrically neutral molecule
Which of the following best represents the normal pH range of human blood
7.35 - 7.45
A(n) ___________ resists changes in pH
buffer
Water stabilizes ions in solution by forming __________ around them.
hydration spheres
Which of the following is true about the different substances found in a mixture?
They each retain their own chemical properties
The basis for chemical reactions occurring is
molecular motion and collisions
Smaller molecules combine to create larger molecules in ________________ reactions, while large molecules are broken down into smaller ones in _______________ reactions, and atoms are exchanged in ________________ reactions.
synthesis; decomposition; exchange
__________________ reactions can go in either direction, and the direction of the reaction is determined by __________________.
reversible; the quantity of reactants on each side of the equation
Enzymes are an example of ____________, which work to _______________.
catalysts; speed up chemical reactions
Which of the following is NOT true of biological catalysts?
they speed up reactions without permanent change to themselves
they hold reactants in favorable positions to react
they get used up by the reactions they catalyze
they may change the shapes of reactants to make them react
they get used up by the reactions they catalyze
Catabolic reactions _________________
break bonds to release stored energy
The specific properties of organic molecules are determined by their
functional groups
Macromolecules are large molecules composed of multiple ______________ that come together to form _______________
monomers; polymers
Living cells assemble polymers through a process called
dehydration synthesis
Another name for digestion is
hydrolysis
The part of a nucleotide that contains the “information” in DNA and RNA is the
nitrogenous base
In ATP, the energy is stored in and released from the
2nd and 3rd phosphate bonds
The instructions for synthesizing all of the body’s proteins is contained in _________, while the _________ works with the ribosomes to actually carry out the process.
DNA; RNA
Which of the following is NOT true of carbohydrates?
They contain Nitrogen in an amine group
The are a quickly available source of energy
They have a 2:1 ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen
They contain Nitrogen in an amine group
Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide?
galactose
fructose
lactose
glucose
lactose
Which of the following is NOT a polysaccharide?
sucrose
lactose
glucose
maltose
glucose
The polysaccharide used for energy storage in humans is
glycogen
Which of the following is NOT true of lipids
They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
They are hydrophilic and dissolve in water
They have a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
They have more calories per g
They are hydrophilic and dissolve in water
Fatty acids with no double bonds, and thus the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bound to the carbon, are called
saturated fats
Which of the following is NOT a function of triglycerides?
insulation
enzymes
shock absorption
energy storage
enzymes
The special type of lipid that makes up the bulk of our cell membranes are called
phospholipids
The healthier form of cholesterol that actually helps to prevent heart disease is
HDL
The unique properties of an amino acid are determined by its
radical group (R group)
The bonds that are formed between amino acids to create proteins are called
peptide bonds
Which of the following levels of protein structure is NOT correctly paired with its description?
*
1/1
primary structure - amino acid sequence
secondary structure - alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
tertiary structure - globular or fibrous folded shapes
quaternary structure - the DNA sequence that codes for the the protein
quaternary structure - the DNA sequence that codes for the the protein
Extreme temperature or pH can ________________ a protein, which destroys its ability to function properly
denature
The molecule that an enzyme works on is called its ______________
substrate
Which of the following is a function of proteins in the human body?
structure, such as keratin and collagen
communication, such as hormones and receptors
membrane transport, such as channels and carrier proteins
protection, such as antibodies and clotting
all of the above are functions of proteins in the human body
all of the above are functions of proteins in the human body
