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Chemistry - AS > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Electronegativity

A

Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond

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2
Q

Dipoles

A

Uneven distribution of charge within a covalent bond.

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3
Q

Molar First Ionisation Energy

A

Energy required to remove mole of electrons from 1 mole of gaseous atoms to form 1 mole of unipositive ions.

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4
Q

Molar Second Ionisation Energy

A

Energy required to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of unipositive ions to form 1 mole of dipositive ions.

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5
Q

Atomic Emission Spectra

A

Spectra of emitted light released from a substance when it’s energised.

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6
Q

Convergence Limit

A

The energy required to for an electron to go from n = 1 to n = infinity in the gaseous state.

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7
Q

Atomic Emission Spectrum Of Hydrogen

A

Atomic spectrum of hydrogen is a series of lines that gets closer as their frequency increases.

When electrons are ‘excited’ they jump to a higher energy levels, here it is unstable so they drop to a lower energy level (n=2) emitting a photon of radiation which appears as a single discrete line in the emission spectrum. Since lines are discrete, energy levels must have fixed values.

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8
Q

What is a coordinate bond?

A

A coordinate bond is a covalent bond in which both of the shared electrons are provided by one of the atoms in the bon.

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9
Q

Roberts Boyle Rule

A

The pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume provided the temperature of the gas is constant.

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10
Q

Charles Law

A

The volume of a fixed massof gas is directly proportional to it’s Absolute Temperature provided the pressure remains constant.

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11
Q

La Chateliers Principle

A

The PoE of a reaction in an enclosed system will move in order to oppose any changes made to the system

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12
Q

Enthalpy Change

A

An Enthalpy Change is the heat energy exchanged with the surroundings at constant pressure.

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13
Q

Flame Colours

A

Lithium - Scarlet
Sodium -yellow/orange
Potassium - Lilac
Calcium - Brick Red
Barium - Apple Green
Strontium - Crimson
Magnesium - No colour

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14
Q

Silver Nitrate + NH3 Test

A

Silver Nitrate Test:

Cl - White Precipitate
Br - Cream Precipitate
I - Yellow Precipitate

Dilute NH3:

Cl - Precipitate Dissolves
Br - No change
I - No change

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15
Q

Oxidation Number

A

The number of electrons that must be either added or removed from an ion to form a neutral atom.

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16
Q

What is Dynamic Equilibrium

A

System where both the forward and reverse reactions are taking place simultaneously and at the same rate

17
Q

Equilibrium Factors

A

If conc of reverse reaction is increased, poE shifts to RHS, foward reaction is favoured

Temp increases - favours endothermic rxn
Temp decreases - favours exothermic rxn

(Changing pressure only effects systems involving gases)

If pressure is increased, favours side with fewer gaseous moles
If pressure is decreased, favours side with more gaseous moles.

18
Q

4 steps of mass spectrometer

A
  1. Ionisation - Atoms are formed into positive ions through electron bombardment so they can be detected
  2. Acceleration - ions are provided with the same kinetic energy
  3. Deflection - Deflected by electric magnetic field degree of deflection.
  4. Detection - +ve ions detected, spectrum is produced
19
Q

What is the Standard Enthalpy Change Of Formation

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed form its elements in their standard states ie 298K and 1atm.

20
Q

Hess Law

A

Hess’s Law states that, if a reaction can take place by more than one route and the initial and final conditions are the same, the total enthalpy change is the same for each route.

21
Q

Bond Enthalpy

A

Enthalpy change required to break and separate one mole of bonds in the molecules of a gaseous element or compound. The resulting gaseous species exert no forces on each other.

22
Q

What is an electrophile and a nucleophile?

A

Electrophile -An electron pair acceptor (postively charged) e.g H-Br

Nucleophile - An electron pair donor (negatively charged) e.g OH, NH3

23
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

A covalent bond in which the electron pair is not exactly shared equally between the two atoms.

24
Q

What is a non-polar covalent bond?

A

A covalent bond in which the electron pair is shared equally in the bond.

Chemistry - AS (15 decks)

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