Chemical kinetics Flashcards
The study of reaction rates defined by the change in the concentrations of
reactants and products with time.
Chemical kinetics
The __________ in a rate law describe the mathematical
dependence of the rate on reactant concentrations.
Reaction Order
is simply the sum of orders for each
reactant.
overall reaction order
of a reaction is the instantaneous rate at the
start of the reaction (when t = 0).
initial rate
A state in the course of a reversible chemical reaction in which no
net change in the amounts of reactants and products occurs.
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
is one in which the products, as soon
as they are formed, react to produce the original reactants.
reversible chemical reaction
At equilibrium, the two opposing reactions go
on at equal rates, or velocities, and hence
there is _________ in the amounts of
substances involved.
no net change
At this point the reaction
may be considered to be completed
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Acids and bases have a chemical equilibrium in solution. At chemical
equilibrium, the products and reactants have reached a state of _______
balance
Any compound that can transfer a proton to any other compound is an acid,
and the compound that accepts the proton is a base.
Bronsted Lowry Theory:
a substance can function as an
acid only in the presence of a base;
similarly, a substance can function as a
base only in the presence of an acid.
Brønsted-Lowry
scheme
when an acidic substance
loses a proton, it forms a base, called
the __________ of an acid,
Conjugate base
when a basic substance gains a proton,
it forms an acid called the ___________
conjugate
acid of a base.
Determining the acid base equilibrium can help in predicting the products of a
reaction and the relative concentration of the products, as well as aiding in the
Identification of the weaker acid and base
______ Bronsted-Lowry acid are those which have a strong tendency to give a
proton and their corresponding conjugate base is weak.
Strong
_______ Bronsted-Lowry acids will have a little tendency to donate a proton and
their corresponding conjugated base is strong.
weak
Acids are substances that dissociate in water to yield electrically charged atoms
or molecules, called ions, one of which is a hydrogen ion (H+
), and that bases
ionize in water to yield hydroxide ions (OH−
).
Arrhenius Theory:
Acids are substances that dissociate in water to yield electrically charged atoms
or molecules, called ions, one of which is a hydrogen ion (H+
), and that bases
ionize in water to yield hydroxide ions (OH−
).
Arrhenius Theory:
Limitations of Arrhenius theory
The Arrhenius theory is applicable only in aqueous solution;
for example,
according to the theory, HCl is an acid in the aqueous solution but not in
benzene, even though it donates the H+ ion to the benzene. Also, under
Arrhenius’s definition, the solution of sodium amide in liquid ammonia is not
alkaline, even though the amide ion deprotonates the ammonia.
The Arrhenius theory is applicable only in aqueous solution;
In the Lewis theory of acid-base reactions, ______ donate pairs of electrons and
acids accept pairs of electrons.
bases
One way to determine the pH of a buffer
is by using the __________
equation, which is pH = pKa +
log([A−]/[HA]).
Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation:
[HA] and [A−] refer to
the equilibrium concentrations of the
conjugate acid–base pair used to create
the buffer solution.
Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation:
State the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
**check notes
Increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution
Arrhenius acid
Increases the concentration of hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution
Arrhenius base
any substance, such as the H+
ion, that can accept a
pair of nonbonding electrons.
Lewis acid
is an electron-pair
acceptor.
Lewis acid
is any substance, such as the OHion, that can donate a
pair of nonbonding electrons.
Lewis base
therefore an electron-pair donor.
Lewis base
