Chemical Bonds Flashcards
What are atoms composed of
Positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons
Consist of an aggregation of atoms held together by valence forces
Molecule
What happens when atoms approach one another closely
The electron clouds interact with each other and with the nuclei
If this interaction is such that the total energy of the system is _________
lowered
A group of two or more atoms that form the smallest identifiable unit
Molecules
Contain two atoms that are chemically bonded.
Diatomic molecules
Contain two identical atoms that are chemically bonded.
Homonuclear
Contain two different atoms that are chemically bonded.
Heteronuclear
Molecules containing more than two atoms.
Polyatomic molecules
Smallest identifiable unit into which a pure substance can be divided and still retain its composition and chemical properties of that substance.
Molecules
The fundamental principle of chemistry is ______
the atoms of different elements can combine with one another to form chemical compounds.
a distinct substance formed by the chemical union of two or more elements in definite proportion by weight.
Chemical compound
Is it possible for the same kind of atoms to combine in the same
proportion to form a different type of molecule?
Yes, they are called as isomers
identical atoms bonding together with identical proportions and differ only in arrangements.
Isomers
Ions are atoms (assemblies of atoms) that have ______
A net electric charge
ions that contain fewer electrons than protons have a net positive charge.
Cations
ions that contain more electrons than protons have a net negative charge.
Anions
contain both cations and anions in a ratio that results in no net electrical charge.
Ionic compounds
In ____________, electrons are shared between bonded atoms and are simultaneously attracted to more than one nucleus.
Covalent compounds
contain cations and anions rather than discrete neutral molecules.
Ionic compounds
Ionic Compounds are held together by _________
Attract6ive electrostatic interactions between cations and anions
The cations and anions are arranged in space to form an extended ________________ that maximizes _________________ and minimizes _____________
three-dimensional array, the number of electrostatic interactions, and the number of repulsive electrostatic interactions.
Ionic compounds contain both cations in a ratio that results in _______
Zero charge
If the electrostatic energy is positive, the particles _____________;
Repel each other
If the electrostatic energy is negative, the particles _____________ to each other.
are attracted
The name of a ____________ is simply the name of the element followed by the word ion.
Monoatomic cations
Stock system of naming
an ion’s positive charge is indicated by a roman numeral in parentheses after the element name, followed by the word ion.
Common System of naming
This system recognizes that many metals have two common cations. The common system uses two suffixes (-ic and -ous) that are appended to the stem of the element name.
The _______ suffix represents the greater of the two cation charges,
-ic
the _______ suffix represents the lower one.
-ous
The interatomic linkage that results from the sharing of an electron pair between two atoms.
Covalent bonds
The binding arises from the ____________ of their nuclei for the same electrons.
Electrostatic attraction
A covalent bond forms when the bonded atoms have ___________ than that of widely separated atoms.
a lower total energy
is concerned with valence which determines how atoms combine in definite ratios and how this is related to the bond directions and bond lengths.
Structural chemistry
Types of covalent bonds
Single bonds, double bonds, and triple bonds
Type of covalent bonds that involves sharing of 2 electrons
Single bond
Type of covalent bond that involves the sharing of 4 electrons
Double bond
Covalent molecules are held together by _______
Shared electron pairs
Bonds are formed when the atoms adopt specific positions relative to
one another so as to _________
maximize the bond strength
Molecules have a ________, _________, or ________ of its atoms
definite, fairly rigid structure, or spatial distribution
a very simplified representation of the valence shell electrons in a molecule.
Lewis structure
used to show how the electrons are
arranged around individual atoms in a molecule.
Lewis structure
Electrons are shown as __________ or for bonding electrons as a _________ between the two atoms.
Dots, lines
What is the Lewis structure also known as _______
Lewis-dot diagram
the substances that react are known as ________
reactants
the substances that are formed during a chemical reaction are known as _________.
Products
Two or more compounds combine to form one compound.
Combination reaction
The opposite of a combination reaction – a complex molecule breaks down to make simpler ones.
Decomposition reaction
Oxygen combines with a compound to form carbon dioxide and water. These reactions are exothermic, meaning they give off heat.
Combustion reaction
An acid and a base react with each other. Generally, the product of this reaction is salt and water.
Neutralization
One element takes place with another element in the compound.
displacement reaction
Other term for double replacement
double displacement, exchange, or metathesis reactions
reactions occur when parts
of two ionic compounds are exchanged, making two new compounds.
Double replacement reactions
when two aqueous ionic compounds form a new ionic compound that is not soluble in water.
Precipitation reaction
type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species.
Oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction
any chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron.
Oxidation-reduction reaction
Redox reactions are common and vital to some of the basic functions of life, including
Photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, and corrosion or rusting.
can be described as a reaction that forms a “complex”.
Complexation reaction
The goal
of an lewis structure is ____
to obtain the “best” electron configuration.
