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2ND SEM > CHEM - Untro Org Chem > Flashcards

CHEM - Untro Org Chem Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the compounds of carbon.

A

Organic chemistry

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2
Q

made up of carbon and only a few other elements.

A

Organic compounds

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3
Q

Organic compounds: Chief among these are

A

hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

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4
Q

Also present in some organic compounds are

A

sulfur, phosphorus, and a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine).

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5
Q

have discovered or made over 10 million organic compounds and an estimated 100,000 new ones are discovered or made each year.

A

Chemists

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6
Q

Chemists have discovered or made over _______ and an estimated ______ new ones are discovered or made each year.

A

10 million organic compounds

100,000

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7
Q

By comparison, chemists have discovered or made an estimated _____ inorganic compounds.

A

1.7 million

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8
Q

approximately ____ of all known compounds are organic.

A

85%

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9
Q

the main component of natural gas

A

Methane

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10
Q

the alcohol present in alcoholic beverages

A

Ethanol

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11
Q

responsible for the spiciness of peppers, and is used for topical pain-relief medicines.

A

Capsaicin

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12
Q

the stimulant found in coffee, tea, cola beverages, and chocolate.

A

Caffeine

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13
Q

Shows the atoms present in a molecule and the bonds
that connect them.

A

Structural formula

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14
Q

The most common bond angles are

A

109.5°, 120°, and 180°.

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15
Q

The most common bond angles are 109.5°, 120°, and 180°.

A

VSEPR MODEL

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16
Q

Among neutral (uncharged) organic compounds:

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Halogen

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17
Q

normally forms four covalent bonds and has no unshared pairs of electrons.

A

Carbon

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18
Q

forms one covalent bond and no unshared pairs of electrons.

A

Hydrogen

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19
Q

normally forms two covalent bonds and has two unshared pairs of electrons.

A

Oxygen

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20
Q

normally forms three covalent bonds and has one unshared
pair of electrons.

A

Nitrogen

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21
Q

normally forms one covalent bond and has three unshared pairs of electrons.

A

Halogen

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22
Q

forms single, double, and triple bonds to other carbon atoms.

A

Carbon

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23
Q

Each C forms

A

4 single bonds

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24
Q

Double bonds contains

A

Four electrons

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25
Q

Triple bond contains

A

Six electrons

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26
Q

Some compounds have _____ and some compounds have ____.

A

chains of atoms

rings

27
Q

Organic compounds may also contain elements other than ___ and ____.

A

carbon
hydrogen

28
Q

Any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen is called a

A

Heteroatom

29
Q

Each heteroatom forms a _____, determined by its location in the periodic table.

A

characteristic number of bonds

30
Q

The common heteroatoms

A

N, O, F, Cl, Br, and I

31
Q

The common heteroatoms (N, O, F, Cl, Br, and I) also have nonbonding, lone pairs of 𝐞−, so that each atom is surrounded by an

A

octet of e-

32
Q

The most common multiple bond between carbon and a heteroatom is a

A

carbon–oxygen double bond

33
Q

all of the atoms are drawn in, but the two-electron bond lines and lone pairs on heteroatoms are generally omitted

A

Condensed structure

34
Q

A carbon bonded to 3 H’s becomes

A

CH3

35
Q

A carbon bonded to 2 H’s becomes

A

CH2

36
Q

Identical groups can be condensed further:

A

two CH2 groups bonded together
two CH3 groups bonded to the same C

37
Q

An atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of predictable physical and chemical properties.

A

Functional groups

38
Q

Contains an —OH (hydroxyl) group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom.

A

Alcohol

39
Q

Alcohols are classified as

A

primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°).

40
Q

A compound containing an amino group (-NH2, RNH2, R2NH, R3N).

A

Amine

41
Q

Contains a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen; in formaldehyde, the simplest aldehyde, the carbonyl group is bonded to two hydrogens.

A

Aldehyde

42
Q

Contains a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms.

A

Ketone

43
Q

A compound containing a –COOH (carboxyl:
carbonyl + hydroxyl) group.

A

Carboxylic acid

44
Q

In a condensed structural formula, a carboxyl group may also
be written – ___ .

A

CO2H

45
Q

A derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the H of the carboxyl group is replaced by a carbon group.

A

Carboxylic ester

46
Q

A derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the —OH
of the carboxyl group is replaced by an amino group.

A

Amide

47
Q

Organic compounds are composed of ____.

A

covalent bonds only

48
Q

They have much weaker intermolecular forces than those seen in ionic compounds.

A

Organic compounds

49
Q

They have lower boiling & melting points.

A

Organic compounds

50
Q

They tend to be liquids or gases at room temperature, while ionic compounds are solids.

A

Organic compounds

51
Q

A covalent bond is nonpolar when two atoms of ____ are bonded.

A

identical or similar electronegativity

52
Q

A covalent bond is polar when atoms of ___ are bonded.

A

different electronegativity

53
Q

C–C and C–H bonds are

A

nonpolar bonds.

54
Q

bonds between C and N, O, and the halogens are

A

Polar bonds

55
Q

contain only nonpolar C–C and C–H bonds, so they are nonpolar molecules.

A

Hydrocarbons

56
Q

If a single bond is polar, the molecule is polar because it contains a

A

Net dipole

57
Q

If the individual polar bonds (dipoles) cancel in a molecule, the molecule is

A

Nonpolar

58
Q

If the individual polar bonds (dipoles) cancel in a molecule, the molecule is

A

Polar

59
Q

The rule of solubility is

A

“like dissolves like.”

60
Q

____ and other _____ are insoluble in water.

A

Hydrocarbons

nonpolar organic compounds

61
Q

water soluble only if they are small and contain a N or O atom that can hydrogen bond with water.

A

Polar organic compounds

62
Q

Small nonpolar molecule No O or N present

A

Water insoluble

63
Q

Small polar molecule O atom present

A

Water soluble

2ND SEM (16 decks)

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