CHEM - Untro Org Chem

Question 1

The study of the compounds of carbon.

Answer 1

Organic chemistry

Question 2

made up of carbon and only a few other elements.

Answer 2

Organic compounds

Question 3

Organic compounds: Chief among these are

Answer 3

hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Question 4

Also present in some organic compounds are

Answer 4

sulfur, phosphorus, and a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine).

Question 5

have discovered or made over 10 million organic compounds and an estimated 100,000 new ones are discovered or made each year.

Answer 5

Chemists

Question 6

Chemists have discovered or made over _______ and an estimated ______ new ones are discovered or made each year.

Answer 6

10 million organic compounds

100,000

Question 7

By comparison, chemists have discovered or made an estimated _____ inorganic compounds.

Answer 7

1.7 million

Question 8

approximately ____ of all known compounds are organic.

Answer 8

85%

Question 9

the main component of natural gas

Answer 9

Methane

Question 10

the alcohol present in alcoholic beverages

Answer 10

Ethanol

Question 11

responsible for the spiciness of peppers, and is used for topical pain-relief medicines.

Answer 11

Capsaicin

Question 12

the stimulant found in coffee, tea, cola beverages, and chocolate.

Answer 12

Caffeine

Question 13

Shows the atoms present in a molecule and the bonds
that connect them.

Answer 13

Structural formula

Question 14

The most common bond angles are

Answer 14

109.5°, 120°, and 180°.

Question 15

The most common bond angles are 109.5°, 120°, and 180°.

Answer 15

VSEPR MODEL

Question 16

Among neutral (uncharged) organic compounds:

Answer 16

Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Halogen

Question 17

normally forms four covalent bonds and has no unshared pairs of electrons.

Answer 17

Carbon

Question 18

forms one covalent bond and no unshared pairs of electrons.

Answer 18

Hydrogen

Question 19

normally forms two covalent bonds and has two unshared pairs of electrons.

Answer 19

Oxygen

Question 20

normally forms three covalent bonds and has one unshared
pair of electrons.

Answer 20

Nitrogen

Question 21

normally forms one covalent bond and has three unshared pairs of electrons.

Answer 21

Halogen

Question 22

forms single, double, and triple bonds to other carbon atoms.

Answer 22

Carbon

Question 23

Each C forms

Answer 23

4 single bonds

Question 24

Double bonds contains

Answer 24

Four electrons

Question 25

Triple bond contains

Answer 25

Six electrons

Question 26

Some compounds have _____ and some compounds have ____.

Answer 26

chains of atoms rings

Question 27

Organic compounds may also contain elements other than ___ and ____.

Answer 27

carbon hydrogen

Question 28

Any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen is called a

Answer 28

Heteroatom

Question 29

Each heteroatom forms a _____, determined by its location in the periodic table.

Answer 29

characteristic number of bonds

Question 30

The common heteroatoms

Answer 30

N, O, F, Cl, Br, and I

Question 31

The common heteroatoms (N, O, F, Cl, Br, and I) also have nonbonding, lone pairs of 𝐞−, so that each atom is surrounded by an

Answer 31

octet of e-

Question 32

The most common multiple bond between carbon and a heteroatom is a

Answer 32

carbon–oxygen double bond

Question 33

all of the atoms are drawn in, but the two-electron bond lines and lone pairs on heteroatoms are generally omitted

Answer 33

Condensed structure

Question 34

A carbon bonded to 3 H’s becomes

Answer 34

CH3

Question 35

A carbon bonded to 2 H’s becomes

Answer 35

CH2

Question 36

Identical groups can be condensed further:

Answer 36

two CH2 groups bonded together two CH3 groups bonded to the same C

Question 37

An atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of predictable physical and chemical properties.

Answer 37

Functional groups

Question 38

Contains an —OH (hydroxyl) group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom.

Answer 38

Alcohol

Question 39

Alcohols are classified as

Answer 39

primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°).

Question 40

A compound containing an amino group (-NH2, RNH2, R2NH, R3N).

Answer 40

Amine

Question 41

Contains a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen; in formaldehyde, the simplest aldehyde, the carbonyl group is bonded to two hydrogens.

Answer 41

Aldehyde

Question 42

Contains a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms.

Answer 42

Ketone

Question 43

A compound containing a –COOH (carboxyl: carbonyl + hydroxyl) group.

Answer 43

Carboxylic acid

Question 44

In a condensed structural formula, a carboxyl group may also be written – ___ .

Answer 44

CO2H

Question 45

A derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the H of the carboxyl group is replaced by a carbon group.

Answer 45

Carboxylic ester

Question 46

A derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the —OH of the carboxyl group is replaced by an amino group.

Answer 46

Amide

Question 47

Organic compounds are composed of ____.

Answer 47

covalent bonds only

Question 48

They have much weaker intermolecular forces than those seen in ionic compounds.

Answer 48

Organic compounds

Question 49

They have lower boiling & melting points.

Answer 49

Organic compounds

Question 50

They tend to be liquids or gases at room temperature, while ionic compounds are solids.

Answer 50

Organic compounds

Question 51

A covalent bond is nonpolar when two atoms of ____ are bonded.

Answer 51

identical or similar electronegativity

Question 52

A covalent bond is polar when atoms of ___ are bonded.

Answer 52

different electronegativity

Question 53

C–C and C–H bonds are

Answer 53

nonpolar bonds.

Question 54

bonds between C and N, O, and the halogens are

Answer 54

Polar bonds

Question 55

contain only nonpolar C–C and C–H bonds, so they are nonpolar molecules.

Answer 55

Hydrocarbons

Question 56

If a single bond is polar, the molecule is polar because it contains a

Answer 56

Net dipole

Question 57

If the individual polar bonds (dipoles) cancel in a molecule, the molecule is

Answer 57

Nonpolar

Question 58

If the individual polar bonds (dipoles) cancel in a molecule, the molecule is

Answer 58

Polar

Question 59

The rule of solubility is

Answer 59

“like dissolves like.”

Question 60

____ and other _____ are insoluble in water.

Answer 60

Hydrocarbons nonpolar organic compounds

Question 61

water soluble only if they are small and contain a N or O atom that can hydrogen bond with water.

Answer 61

Polar organic compounds

Question 62

Small nonpolar molecule No O or N present

Answer 62

Water insoluble

Question 63

Small polar molecule O atom present

Answer 63

Water soluble