CHEM - Untro Org Chem Flashcards
The study of the compounds of carbon.
Organic chemistry
made up of carbon and only a few other elements.
Organic compounds
Organic compounds: Chief among these are
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Also present in some organic compounds are
sulfur, phosphorus, and a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine).
have discovered or made over 10 million organic compounds and an estimated 100,000 new ones are discovered or made each year.
Chemists
Chemists have discovered or made over _______ and an estimated ______ new ones are discovered or made each year.
10 million organic compounds
100,000
By comparison, chemists have discovered or made an estimated _____ inorganic compounds.
1.7 million
approximately ____ of all known compounds are organic.
85%
the main component of natural gas
Methane
the alcohol present in alcoholic beverages
Ethanol
responsible for the spiciness of peppers, and is used for topical pain-relief medicines.
Capsaicin
the stimulant found in coffee, tea, cola beverages, and chocolate.
Caffeine
Shows the atoms present in a molecule and the bonds
that connect them.
Structural formula
The most common bond angles are
109.5°, 120°, and 180°.
The most common bond angles are 109.5°, 120°, and 180°.
VSEPR MODEL
Among neutral (uncharged) organic compounds:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Halogen
normally forms four covalent bonds and has no unshared pairs of electrons.
Carbon
forms one covalent bond and no unshared pairs of electrons.
Hydrogen
normally forms two covalent bonds and has two unshared pairs of electrons.
Oxygen
normally forms three covalent bonds and has one unshared
pair of electrons.
Nitrogen
normally forms one covalent bond and has three unshared pairs of electrons.
Halogen
forms single, double, and triple bonds to other carbon atoms.
Carbon
Each C forms
4 single bonds
Double bonds contains
Four electrons
Triple bond contains
Six electrons
Some compounds have _____ and some compounds have ____.
chains of atoms
rings
Organic compounds may also contain elements other than ___ and ____.
carbon
hydrogen
Any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen is called a
Heteroatom
Each heteroatom forms a _____, determined by its location in the periodic table.
characteristic number of bonds
The common heteroatoms
N, O, F, Cl, Br, and I
The common heteroatoms (N, O, F, Cl, Br, and I) also have nonbonding, lone pairs of 𝐞−, so that each atom is surrounded by an
octet of e-
The most common multiple bond between carbon and a heteroatom is a
carbon–oxygen double bond
all of the atoms are drawn in, but the two-electron bond lines and lone pairs on heteroatoms are generally omitted
Condensed structure
A carbon bonded to 3 H’s becomes
CH3
A carbon bonded to 2 H’s becomes
CH2
Identical groups can be condensed further:
two CH2 groups bonded together
two CH3 groups bonded to the same C
An atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of predictable physical and chemical properties.
Functional groups
Contains an —OH (hydroxyl) group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom.
Alcohol
Alcohols are classified as
primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°).
A compound containing an amino group (-NH2, RNH2, R2NH, R3N).
Amine
Contains a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen; in formaldehyde, the simplest aldehyde, the carbonyl group is bonded to two hydrogens.
Aldehyde
Contains a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms.
Ketone
A compound containing a –COOH (carboxyl:
carbonyl + hydroxyl) group.
Carboxylic acid
In a condensed structural formula, a carboxyl group may also
be written – ___ .
CO2H
A derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the H of the carboxyl group is replaced by a carbon group.
Carboxylic ester
A derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the —OH
of the carboxyl group is replaced by an amino group.
Amide
Organic compounds are composed of ____.
covalent bonds only
They have much weaker intermolecular forces than those seen in ionic compounds.
Organic compounds
They have lower boiling & melting points.
Organic compounds
They tend to be liquids or gases at room temperature, while ionic compounds are solids.
Organic compounds
A covalent bond is nonpolar when two atoms of ____ are bonded.
identical or similar electronegativity
A covalent bond is polar when atoms of ___ are bonded.
different electronegativity
C–C and C–H bonds are
nonpolar bonds.
bonds between C and N, O, and the halogens are
Polar bonds
contain only nonpolar C–C and C–H bonds, so they are nonpolar molecules.
Hydrocarbons
If a single bond is polar, the molecule is polar because it contains a
Net dipole
If the individual polar bonds (dipoles) cancel in a molecule, the molecule is
Nonpolar
If the individual polar bonds (dipoles) cancel in a molecule, the molecule is
Polar
The rule of solubility is
“like dissolves like.”
____ and other _____ are insoluble in water.
Hydrocarbons
nonpolar organic compounds
water soluble only if they are small and contain a N or O atom that can hydrogen bond with water.
Polar organic compounds
Small nonpolar molecule No O or N present
Water insoluble
Small polar molecule O atom present
Water soluble
