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Science Semester 1 > Checklist Term 2 > Flashcards

Checklist Term 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a cell?

A

the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body.

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2
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

the structure in a cell that contains the chromosomes

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3
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells. Each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

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4
Q

What is a Gene?

A

Genes are made up of sequences of DNA and are arranged, one after another, at specific locations on chromosomes in the nucleus of cells.

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5
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule that contains the genetic code that is unique to every individual.

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6
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

The process by which a single parent cell divides to make two new daughter cells.

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7
Q

What is cell division?

A

the division of a cell into two daughter cells with the same genetic material.

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8
Q

What is Gametes?

A

Gametes are an organism’s reproductive cells. They are also referred to as sex cells.

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9
Q

What are Ova?

A

The ovum is known as an egg cell and is defined as the cell produced by the female reproductive system when it undergoes meiosis to produce egg cells.

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10
Q

What are sperm?

A

male reproductive cell, produced by most animals.

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11
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

Meiosis is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information.

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12
Q

What is fertilization?

A

Fertilization is the fusion of the male and female gamete.

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13
Q

What is a Zygote?

A

A zygote is the first diploid cell that is formed by the fusion of male and female gametes resulting in the formation of an embryo.

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14
Q

What are Somatic cells?

A

any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.

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15
Q

What are Genotypes?

A

The genotype definition is the genetic makeup of an organism.

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16
Q

What is a Phenotype?

A

Phenotype refers to an individual’s observable traits, such as height, eye color and blood type.

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17
Q

What are Autosomes?

A

An autosome is one of the numbered chromosomes, as opposed to the sex chromosomes.

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18
Q

What does Non-homologous mean?

A

not containing similar information to another chromosome that it forms a pair with during meiosis (= a type of cell division), or involving such chromosomes

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19
Q

What are sex chromosomes?

A

Sex chromosomes are chromosomes that carry the genes that determine the sex of an individual.

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20
Q

What is a Centromere?

A

centromere, structure in a chromosome that holds together the two chromatids

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21
Q

What is a Telomere?

A

a compound structure at the end of a chromosome.

22
Q

What is a Trisomy?

A

The term “trisomy” is used to describe the presence of an extra chromosome — or three instead of the usual pair.

23
Q

What is Monosomy?

A

the absence of one member of a pair of chromosomes

24
Q

What is a Karyotype?

A

A karyotype is an individual’s complete set of chromosomes.

25
Q

What is Nucleotide?

A

A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA)

26
Q

What is Base-pairing?

A

A base pair consists of two complementary DNA nucleotide bases that pair together to form a “rung of the DNA ladder.”

27
Q

What is a double helix?

A

Double helix, as related to genomics, is a term used to describe the physical structure of DNA

28
Q

What is an Amino acid?

A

Amino acids are molecules that combine to form proteins. Amino acids and proteins are the building blocks of life.

29
Q

What is a triplet?

A

A DNA molecule that codes for a particular amino acid through a group of three successive nucleotides

30
Q

What is a protein?

A

A molecule made up of amino acids.

31
Q

What is RNA?

A

Ribonucleic acid is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself or by forming a template for the production of proteins.

32
Q

What is Codon?

A

A codon is a three-letter genetic sequence found in RNA.

33
Q

What is a transcription?

A

Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.

34
Q

What is a translation?

A

translation is the process in living cells in which proteins are produced using RNA molecules as templates.

35
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis.

36
Q

What is a Genome?

A

A genome is all the genetic information of an organism.

37
Q

What is a diploid?

A

A cell containing two copies of each chromosome

38
Q

What is a Haploid?

A

a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes.

39
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

Genetic variation is the difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations among the same species.

40
Q

What is crossing over?

A

the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) that occurs during the development of egg and sperm cells (meiosis).

41
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop.

42
Q

What is inheritance?

A

the process of transmission of genes from parent to offspring

43
Q

What are Alleles?

A

One of two or more versions of a genetic sequence at a particular region on a chromosome.

44
Q

What does dominant mean?

A

The relationship between two versions of a gene.

45
Q

What does recessive mean?

A

A gene that can be masked by a dominant gene.

46
Q

What does Homozygous mean?

A

Having inherited the same versions (alleles) of a genomic marker from each biological parent

47
Q

What does Heterozygous mean?

A

A combination of alleles.

48
Q

What does carrier mean?

A

A person who has or “carries” a genetic difference in one copy of a gene but doesn’t have the disease

49
Q

What does Monohybrid cross mean?

A

Monohybrid cross is a cross between two individuals that differ in only one observed trait.

50
Q

What is a X-linked trait?

A

X-linked recessive inheritance is a way a genetic trait or condition can be passed down from parent to child through mutations (changes) in a gene on the X chromosome.

51
Q

What is a Sex-linked trait?

A

Sex-linked, as related to genetics, refers to characteristics (or traits) that are influenced by genes carried on the sex chromosomes.

52
Q
A

Science Semester 1 (15 decks)

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