Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Primary Care HG > CHD + HF > Flashcards

CHD + HF Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of high output HF

A

Anaemia, pregnancy

Hyperthyroidism

Pagets Beri beri

Arteriovenous malformation

Causes RVF then LVF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Symptoms of HF

A

SOB

Fatigue Exercise intolerance

Fluid retention Orthopnoea Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea

Nocturnal cough + pink frothy sputum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Signs of HF

A

Raised JVP

Tachycardia, 3rd heart sound, displaced apex beat

Pitting oedema

Fine crackles

Hepatomegaly/ ascites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

NY Heart association classification of HF - classes

A

1 = no limitations

2 = slight limitations, comfortable at rest

3 = less than ordinary activity will lead to symptoms

4 = symptoms when at rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Types of HF

A

Left ventricular = causes a backup, pulmonary oedema

Right ventricular failure = result of left sided HF

Both L + R are systolic

Congestive = mix of LVF + RVF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Most common cause of LVF

A

Myocardial ischaemia - most common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Common cause of RVF

A

LVF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Causes of systolic + diastolic HF

A

Systolic = IHD, MI, cardiomyopathy

Diastolic = constrictive pericarditis, tamponade, restrictive cardiomyopathy, HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Causes of low output HF

A

Pump failure, decreased HR (B blockers)

Negatively inotropic drugs (antiarrhythmics)

Excessive preload (mitrl regurg, fluid overload)

Chronic excessive afterload (aortic stenosis, HTN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Non pharmacological management of HF

A

Exercise

Low salt diet

Daily weights

Stop smoking

Alcohol reduction

Flu vaccine

Inform DVLA if large goods vehicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pharmacological management of HF

A

LMNOP if symptomatic

ACEi + B blockers (ARBs 2nd line) + Furosemide

In preserved ejection fraction: can add: spironolactone, ivabradine, digoxin

AVOID CCB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Complications of furosemide, cautions + SE

A

Monitor renal function, electrolytes + BP

Ototoxic + sensitivity to sun

Gout from hyperuricaemia

Hyperglycaemia

Hypokalaemia

Caution in kidney disease, urinary retention, cirrhosis, liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

SE of spironolactone

A

Renal failure

Agranulocytosis

Alopecia

Gynaecomastia, breast pain, changes in libido

Confusion, dizziness

Electrolyte + GI disturbance

Hyperkalaemia - discontinue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

SE + cautions of digoxin

A

Arrhythmias

Blurred vision

Conduction disturbances

Dizziness

GI disturbances

Yellow vision

Eosinophilia + rash

Caution in hypercalcaemia, hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia + hypoxia

Monitor plasma conc in renal impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

SE of ACEi

A

Hypotension Dry cough GI side effects

Altered LFTs

Monitor U+Es

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

SE + cautions + CI with B blockers

A

Prolongs QT

GI disturbance

Bradycardia Hypotension

Sexual dysfunction

Cold extremities

Caution in asthma, diabetes + renal impairment

CI in heart block, uncontrolled asthma or diabetes, unstable HF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a TAVI used for?

A

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation - severe airotic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Investigations in acute heart failure

A

ECG Bloods = BNP or NT-proBNP CXR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

CXR findings for acute HF

A

Alveolar oedema

Kerly B lines

Cardiomegaly

Diversion to upper lobes

Effusions

20
Q

Management of acute HF

A

Pain = diamorphine

Pee = furosemide 40-80mg IV

Puff = GTN 2 puffs

PAP = CPAP if severe acidaemia/ dyspnoea

Posture = sit up, oxygen

21
Q

What is QRISK2?

A

Risk assessment to assess CVD risk

22
Q

What are common secondary causes of dyslipidaemia?

A

Excess alcohol

Uncontrolled diabetes

Hypothyroidism

Liver disease

Nephrotic syndrome

23
Q

How to diagnose CVD?

A

Measure total + HDL

If total >9 mmol = specialist assessment

24
Q

How to prevent CVD?

A

Cardioprotective diet: reduced saturated fat, more wholegrains, reduce sugar, 2 portions of fish, 5 fruit + veg

Exercise

Smoking cessation

Alcohol advice

Atorvastatin 20mg for primary prevention in those with >10% 10 year risk of developing CVD

25
Primary prevention in T1DM
Offer statins if: \>40 y/o Established nephropathy/ other CVD RF
26
What is secondary prevention of CVD?
Atorvastatin 80mg in people with CVD
27
Monitoring whilst on atorvastatin
Measure liver transaminase within 3 months of starting treatment + at 12 months Aiming for \>40% reduction in non-HDL cholesterol
28
General advice for statins
Check for persistent generalised unexplained muscle pain Measure CK levels Contraindicated in pregnancy
29
ECG results for angina
Pathological Q waves ST + T abnormalities
30
Management of angina
Beta blockers Ca channel blockers GTN spray
31
Acute LV failure - presentation + pathophysiology
Pulmonary oedema due to increasing pressure in alveoli, causing fluid to leak out Presentation: PND, orthopnoea, pulmonary congestion, pitting oedema, SOB, pink frothy sputum
32
Causes of pulmonary oedema
Cardiogenic: LVSD, MI Non cardiogenic: fluid overload, ARDS
33
CXR for LVF
ABCD Alveolar oedema - Bat wing B - Kerley B lines Cardiomegaly (should be less than 50%) Diverted upper lobe vessels
34
Management of pulmonary oedema
LMNOP Loop diuretics 40mg furosemide Morphine (+antiemetic) Nitrates - GTN spray or infusion if systolic \>100 Oxygen Posture - sit up
35
How to diagnose chronic HF
ECG - are they in AF? BNP - brain naturolytic peptide, released by atria under stress - will be high in HF CXR - ABCD signs Echo - measures ejection fraction + output
36
What does inotropic mean + give example of positive + negative inotropes?
Affecting contraction of heart Positive inotropes increase force of contraction Digoxin = positive Negative = beta blockers, diltiazem + verapamil
37
What does chronotropic mean + give example of positive + negative chronotropes?
Affect heart rate Positive = adrenaline Negative = beta blockers, digoxin
38
Pulsus paradoxus causes
Cardiac tamponade Pericarditis Asthma
39
What is Pulsus bisferiens + what causes it?
Double peak per cardiac cucle Due to aortic stenosis existing with aortic regurgitation
40
What is Pulsus alternans and what causes it?
Physical finding of alternating strong and weak beats Left sided heart failure
41
What is Unstable vs stable angina?
Stable - occurs with exertion Unstable - occurs randomly
42
What is Variant angina?
Also called Prinzmetal's Occurs at rest Caused by spasm of coronary vessels
43
What is Decubitus angina?
Occurs when patient lies down Complication of HF
44
When do you start statins?
CKD, T1DM for more than 10 years, stroke/ TIA QRISK2 \>10%
45
What is the target cholesterol?
\<5 \<3 if they have heart problems

Primary Care HG (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions