chapwr 8 political geography Flashcards
0
Q
sovereignty
A
- ## independence from control of its internal affairs by other states
1
Q
state
A
- organized into politicos unit and ruled by gov. that has control over its internal and foreign affairs
- occupied defined territory
- has permanent pop
- country usa
- has sovereignty
- laws leaders army good examples of formal or uniform region
2
Q
largest state
A
Russia
- others include Canada us China Brazil Australia
3
Q
micro states and smallest one
A
- states with very small land areas
- smallest micro state in un is Monaco
- have to be smaller than 1,000 sq km
- many are islands explains small size and sovereignty
4
Q
United Nations
A
- most imp. global organization created at end of WW2 by allies who won
- provided forum for discussion of international problems
- seeks to address global economic problems, promote human rights, provide human relief, authorize Milatsry and peace keeping actions
- organized in 1945
- increased rapid 3 times
- 1955- mostly euro countries
- 1960- former African colonies of Britain and France
- 1990-1993- primarily due to breakup of SU and Yugo and bc admission of many micro states
- un members can vote to establish peacekeeping force and request states to contribute military forces
- plays imp. role in trying to separate warring groups in some regions
- any of 5 perm. members of security council can veto un peacekeeping operation ex Cold War
- represents forum where almost all states of world can meet and vote on issues without resorting to war
5
Q
League of Nations
A
- UN not worlds first attempt at int. peacemaking
- LON established after WW1
- never effective peacekeeping
- ## us didn’t join it despite fact that wilson started idea BC senate refused to ratify membership treaty
6
Q
5 permanent members of security council
A
- China france Russia uk us
7
Q
Cold War un issue also Iran
A
- us and su vetoed to prevent un intervention
- not until su delegate walked out of SC meeting un sent troops to support s Korea
- recently, China Russia not allowed un to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons
8
Q
un problems
A
- relies on ind. countries to supply troops, un lacks enough to keep peace effective
- tries to maintain strict neutrality, but difficult
- ex Bosnia and Herz ethnic cleansing against Bosnian Muslims
9
Q
challenges in defining states
A
- places that test definition of a state are Korea, China Kosovo Western Sahara and Antarctica and Arctic Ocean
10
Q
Korea one or two
A
- divided by us and su after they defeated Japan in ww2
- divided into north and south by 38 parallel
- 2 places established separate gov. and withdrew armies
- North Korea gov invaded s Korea ended with cease of fjre
- both gov were committed to unified 2 into 1 sovereign country until n Korea decided to build nuclear weapons
- even if they lacked ability to provide citizens with food, electricity, ect.
- admitted into un as separate countrys
11
Q
China and Taiwan
A
- most consider them separate
- according to China gov, Taiwan part of China
- conflict arose from civil war btw nationalist and communists
- nationalists fled to Taiwan after losing
- said still were rulers of China
- or at least had control over Taiwan till they could defeat communists
- Taiwan tried to become ind but China gov saw danger
- us supported nationalists as official gov of China till un transferred China’s seat from nationalists to communists
a Taiwan now most populous state not in un
12
Q
Western Sahara
A
- considered by most African countries as sovereign state
- Morocco claims territory and build wall
- Spain controlled territory between Morocco and Maritania until withdrawing
- Morocco and Maritania split northern and southern portions of Western Sahara
- Mauritania withdrew and morocco claimed land
- UN has tried but failed to reach resolution
13
Q
polar regions many claims
A
- South Pole region contains only large landmass that is not part of state Antarctica
- several states claimed portions of the region results in conflict
- antarctic Treaty provides a framework for managing Antarctica states may establish research stations but no military activity
- as for the Arctic countries are allowed to submit claims inside the Arctic Circle
- Arctic rich in energy sources
14
Q
development of state concept
A
- dividing world into collection of independent states is recent
- prior surface was organized in such ways as city states empires kingdoms etc.
- development of states can be traced back to ancient and medieval states
15
Q
ancient states
A
- development of states can be traced to Middle East Fertile Crescent
- formed arc between Persian Gulf and med sea
- first states to evolve in Mesopotamia were known as city states
- eventually one city or tribe in Mesopotamia would gain military dominance over others and form an empire
- Mesopotamia was organized into empires by Sumerians the Syrians Babylonians and Persians
16
Q
City State
A
- sovereign state that compromises a town and the surrounding countryside
- walls clearly separate boundaries of city and outside walls city controlled agricultural land to produce food for urban residents
- countryside provided city with out of the line of defense against attack
17
Q
medieval states
A
- political unity in ancient world reached height with Roman empire
- controlled most of Europe north Africa and Southwest Asia
- compromised 38 provinces each using same set of laws created in Rome
- Roman empire collapsed in 15th century after series of attacks by people living on its front tears and internal disputes
- European portion of Roman empire fragmented into Estates owned by Kings Dukes etc.
- some powerful kings emerged as rulers over large number of these European Estates
- some of these states under unified control of king formed basis for developing some modern euro states like England France and Spain
- much of Europe consolidated into some empires like Austrian French ottoman and Russian
18
Q
Nationstates in Europe
A
- ethnicities try to govern themselves to preserve and enhance distinct culture
- State whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular of Missy
- ethnic groups have pushed to create nationstates because want self-rule
- most of west Europe nationstates
- after WWI liters of victorious countries met to redraw map of Europe
- language was the most important criterion the Allied leaders used to create new states in Europe and adjust boundaries
- not sees claimed that all German-speaking parts of Europe constituted one nationality and should be one state
- after Germany was defeated in WWII it was divided into two countries
- when communism ended one part of country seized to exist so now present state
19
Q
how many states is the world divided into
A
-approximately 200 all but a handful are members of the UN
20
Q
multiethnic state
A
- State with many of Ethnicitirs
- Belgium with Flemings and Whallons
- every state is to some degree multiethnic
- in some multiethnic states ethnicities all contribute to cultural features to the formation of a single nationality example United States all considered American nationality
21
Q
devolution
A
- opposite of evolution
- Breaking down dissolving of a particular country
- similar to Balkanization
- multiethnic states struggle with ethnicities so go thru devolution
22
Q
multinational state
A
- pretty much same thing as multiethnic state
- in some multinational states Estness cities coexist peacefully each ethnic group recognizes and respects traditions of other
- and others one Estness city tries to dominate another especially if one is more numerous people of less numerous may be converted to culture of other sometimes by force
- Country that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of self-determination
- example Soviet Union until it collapsed now largest multinational state is Russia
- relationships is very and multinational states
23
Q
nationstate
A
- State that contains one nationality or ethnicity
- Denmark Iceland Greenland Faroe Islands isolated or small
- no such thing as a perfect nationstate because territory occupied by ethnic city never corresponds precisely to boundaries
24
Q
soviet union
A
- giant
- Russia +14 countries
- when it broke up dissolved into 15 countries
- name all 15
- example of devolution
- centrical force Russian language
- no one wanted to speak it
- soviet union used religion to get rid of centrifuge will force of all distinct 15 republics
- used the idea of lack of religion to get attention on something else and to get rid of conflicts between other continents
- lack of religion eliminated conflict between a possible religions that would have gotten dominance then Christianity Muslim
- soviet union used strong central government as Centripteal force
- fell apart in 1990s
- late 20th century example of nation all 15 new independent states would work
- 15 states consisted of five groups
- baltic European Central Asian Caucaus and Russia
- good examples of nationstates have been carved out of Baltic euro and some Central Asian states
- not peaceful in small caucaus States and Russia
25
Q
turmoil and caucus
A
- Armenian Azerbaijan Georgia
- many Ethnicities conflict
- between black and Caspian seas
- each ethnic city has long-standing grievance against others
- every ethnicity in Caucasus has same aspiration- carve out nation state
26
Q
colonies
A
- there are more remaining colonies in this world then more people know about
- Puerto Rico most pop holding colony in planet biggest
- other examples held by US are virgin islands Guam
- don’t have all benefits of full citizenship like can’t vote
- almost all colony holdings in today’s world are islands in South Pacific or Caribbean
- colony holdings are not micro states because part of a larger state
- Hong Kong – portion of UK control to control went back to Chinese government
- Macao- Portuguese control now Chinese control
- only a handful remain 68
- least populated Pitcairn uk poss.
- List does not include several inhabited islands
- List does include several that don’t classify as Connie’s example Greenland Hong Kong Macau
- Greenland – high degree of atonomy and self rule, makes foreign decisions ind from Denmark, regards queen of Denmark as head
27
Q
Denmark
A
- nationstate
- strong sense of unity that derives from shared culture
- two largest ethnic minority groups our guest workers from turkey and refugees from ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia
- Denmark also controls two territories. where few Danes live Faroe Islands and Greenland world largest island
28
Q
Slovenia
A
- Republic within Yugoslavia that became independent
- nationstate idea in Slovenia has promoted countries relative peace and stability
- percentage of Slovenians has declined steadily
- when parts of Yugoslavia was most prosperous republic many of migrants remained in Slovenia after became independent
- example hung Gary in Italian
- World War II resulted in some Slovenes living in Italy vice versus
29
Q
breaking up in su Balkans Yugoslavia and chechoslovakia
A
- ethnic identity important in creation of nationstates in Europe
- Break up of SU yugo and chech gave more numerous Estness cities opportunity to organize nationstates
- less numerous Ethnicities found themselves existing as minorities in multinational national states or divided
- especially severe in Balkans where nationstates could not be made peacefully
- SU used centripetal forces to discourage Estness cities from expressing culture uniqueness
- use of Russian language was promoted as centripetal device
- SU yugo and chech dismantled largely because minority ethnicities opposed dominance of numerous ones in each country
- Russians in su Serbs in yugo and Czechs in chech
- Ethnicities sought to be majority in independent nationstates
- most republics generally made a peaceful transitions into independent states as long as boundaries corresponded with ethnicity
30
Q
baltic states
A
- Estonia latvia Lithuania located on Baltic Sea
- have distinct culture
- Lithuania – most closely fits nationstate definition Roman Catholic Indo euro language
- Estonians – Lutheran protestant uralic Lang
- Latvians – Lutheran protestant Roman Catholic minority Baltic group language
31
Q
European states
A
- Belarus Moldova Ukraine now qualify as nationstates
- ethnic distinctions among Belarusians Ukrainians and Russians sometimes blurred
- all speak similar East Slavic languages and predominantly orthodox
- Belarus and Ukraine – became distinct ethnic cities because were isolated from main body of eastern Slavs the Russians
- Russian concord Belarus and Ukrainian homelands but since isolated developed culture diverse city
- Moldova – ethnically indistinguishable from Romanians. when the Dover change from Republic to independent many Maldovan pushed for reunification with Romania to reunify ethnic group and improve regions prospect for economic Dev
- Ukrainian and Russian part opposed reunification
32
Q
Central Asian states
A
- five states display different degrees of a nationstate
- reminder that multinational states can be more peaceful the nationstates
- Turkmenistan and uzbekistan- both have majority and Muslims with Altec language. were conquered by Russia example of ethnicity is split into more than one country
- care to Stan – Muslims who speak I’ll take language resent Russians for seizing best farmland when they colonized
- cause extend – ethnic conflict divided between Kossickts and Russians cause six Muslim speak I’ll take language Russians Orthodox Indo-European language. has been peaceful because less depressed economy
- tajikasyan- appears stable but suffers from civil war among to drink people who are Muslims who speak Indo-European Lang
- civil War between to jicks former communist and alliance of Muslim fenda mentalist and Western intellectuals
33
Q
Russia largest multinational state
A
- recognizes 39 ethnic groups as nationalisties
- Russia’s ethnicities are clustered in 2 locations- along borders with neighbors or in center of Russia
- ind movements flourishing bc Russia less willing to suppress movements like su
- Chechens troubling for Russians
34
Q
Chechens
A
- Sunni Muslims Caucasian Lang distinct social customs
- brough under russian control
- declared independence when S you broke up
- Russian leaders ignored declaration sent army to attempt to regain control of territory
- seared other ethnic cities would follow
- Chechnya was also important because contained deposits of petroleum
- Russia viewed political stability in area as essential for promoting economic development and investment by foreign petroleum
35
Q
Azerbaijan
A
azerbajan- trace routes to Turkish invaders
- Western part of country separated from rest by Corredor that belongs to Armenia
- some azeris live in Iran
- hold positions of responsibility and Iran’s government and economy but I ran restricts teaching of Azeri language
