chapwr 8 political geography Flashcards
0
Q
sovereignty
A
- ## independence from control of its internal affairs by other states
1
Q
state
A
- organized into politicos unit and ruled by gov. that has control over its internal and foreign affairs
- occupied defined territory
- has permanent pop
- country usa
- has sovereignty
- laws leaders army good examples of formal or uniform region
2
Q
largest state
A
Russia
- others include Canada us China Brazil Australia
3
Q
micro states and smallest one
A
- states with very small land areas
- smallest micro state in un is Monaco
- have to be smaller than 1,000 sq km
- many are islands explains small size and sovereignty
4
Q
United Nations
A
- most imp. global organization created at end of WW2 by allies who won
- provided forum for discussion of international problems
- seeks to address global economic problems, promote human rights, provide human relief, authorize Milatsry and peace keeping actions
- organized in 1945
- increased rapid 3 times
- 1955- mostly euro countries
- 1960- former African colonies of Britain and France
- 1990-1993- primarily due to breakup of SU and Yugo and bc admission of many micro states
- un members can vote to establish peacekeeping force and request states to contribute military forces
- plays imp. role in trying to separate warring groups in some regions
- any of 5 perm. members of security council can veto un peacekeeping operation ex Cold War
- represents forum where almost all states of world can meet and vote on issues without resorting to war
5
Q
League of Nations
A
- UN not worlds first attempt at int. peacemaking
- LON established after WW1
- never effective peacekeeping
- ## us didn’t join it despite fact that wilson started idea BC senate refused to ratify membership treaty
6
Q
5 permanent members of security council
A
- China france Russia uk us
7
Q
Cold War un issue also Iran
A
- us and su vetoed to prevent un intervention
- not until su delegate walked out of SC meeting un sent troops to support s Korea
- recently, China Russia not allowed un to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons
8
Q
un problems
A
- relies on ind. countries to supply troops, un lacks enough to keep peace effective
- tries to maintain strict neutrality, but difficult
- ex Bosnia and Herz ethnic cleansing against Bosnian Muslims
9
Q
challenges in defining states
A
- places that test definition of a state are Korea, China Kosovo Western Sahara and Antarctica and Arctic Ocean
10
Q
Korea one or two
A
- divided by us and su after they defeated Japan in ww2
- divided into north and south by 38 parallel
- 2 places established separate gov. and withdrew armies
- North Korea gov invaded s Korea ended with cease of fjre
- both gov were committed to unified 2 into 1 sovereign country until n Korea decided to build nuclear weapons
- even if they lacked ability to provide citizens with food, electricity, ect.
- admitted into un as separate countrys
11
Q
China and Taiwan
A
- most consider them separate
- according to China gov, Taiwan part of China
- conflict arose from civil war btw nationalist and communists
- nationalists fled to Taiwan after losing
- said still were rulers of China
- or at least had control over Taiwan till they could defeat communists
- Taiwan tried to become ind but China gov saw danger
- us supported nationalists as official gov of China till un transferred China’s seat from nationalists to communists
a Taiwan now most populous state not in un
12
Q
Western Sahara
A
- considered by most African countries as sovereign state
- Morocco claims territory and build wall
- Spain controlled territory between Morocco and Maritania until withdrawing
- Morocco and Maritania split northern and southern portions of Western Sahara
- Mauritania withdrew and morocco claimed land
- UN has tried but failed to reach resolution
13
Q
polar regions many claims
A
- South Pole region contains only large landmass that is not part of state Antarctica
- several states claimed portions of the region results in conflict
- antarctic Treaty provides a framework for managing Antarctica states may establish research stations but no military activity
- as for the Arctic countries are allowed to submit claims inside the Arctic Circle
- Arctic rich in energy sources
14
Q
development of state concept
A
- dividing world into collection of independent states is recent
- prior surface was organized in such ways as city states empires kingdoms etc.
- development of states can be traced back to ancient and medieval states
15
Q
ancient states
A
- development of states can be traced to Middle East Fertile Crescent
- formed arc between Persian Gulf and med sea
- first states to evolve in Mesopotamia were known as city states
- eventually one city or tribe in Mesopotamia would gain military dominance over others and form an empire
- Mesopotamia was organized into empires by Sumerians the Syrians Babylonians and Persians
16
Q
City State
A
- sovereign state that compromises a town and the surrounding countryside
- walls clearly separate boundaries of city and outside walls city controlled agricultural land to produce food for urban residents
- countryside provided city with out of the line of defense against attack
17
Q
medieval states
A
- political unity in ancient world reached height with Roman empire
- controlled most of Europe north Africa and Southwest Asia
- compromised 38 provinces each using same set of laws created in Rome
- Roman empire collapsed in 15th century after series of attacks by people living on its front tears and internal disputes
- European portion of Roman empire fragmented into Estates owned by Kings Dukes etc.
- some powerful kings emerged as rulers over large number of these European Estates
- some of these states under unified control of king formed basis for developing some modern euro states like England France and Spain
- much of Europe consolidated into some empires like Austrian French ottoman and Russian
18
Q
Nationstates in Europe
A
- ethnicities try to govern themselves to preserve and enhance distinct culture
- State whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular of Missy
- ethnic groups have pushed to create nationstates because want self-rule
- most of west Europe nationstates
- after WWI liters of victorious countries met to redraw map of Europe
- language was the most important criterion the Allied leaders used to create new states in Europe and adjust boundaries
- not sees claimed that all German-speaking parts of Europe constituted one nationality and should be one state
- after Germany was defeated in WWII it was divided into two countries
- when communism ended one part of country seized to exist so now present state
19
Q
how many states is the world divided into
A
-approximately 200 all but a handful are members of the UN
20
Q
multiethnic state
A
- State with many of Ethnicitirs
- Belgium with Flemings and Whallons
- every state is to some degree multiethnic
- in some multiethnic states ethnicities all contribute to cultural features to the formation of a single nationality example United States all considered American nationality
21
Q
devolution
A
- opposite of evolution
- Breaking down dissolving of a particular country
- similar to Balkanization
- multiethnic states struggle with ethnicities so go thru devolution
22
Q
multinational state
A
- pretty much same thing as multiethnic state
- in some multinational states Estness cities coexist peacefully each ethnic group recognizes and respects traditions of other
- and others one Estness city tries to dominate another especially if one is more numerous people of less numerous may be converted to culture of other sometimes by force
- Country that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of self-determination
- example Soviet Union until it collapsed now largest multinational state is Russia
- relationships is very and multinational states
23
Q
nationstate
A
- State that contains one nationality or ethnicity
- Denmark Iceland Greenland Faroe Islands isolated or small
- no such thing as a perfect nationstate because territory occupied by ethnic city never corresponds precisely to boundaries
24
Q
soviet union
A
- giant
- Russia +14 countries
- when it broke up dissolved into 15 countries
- name all 15
- example of devolution
- centrical force Russian language
- no one wanted to speak it
- soviet union used religion to get rid of centrifuge will force of all distinct 15 republics
- used the idea of lack of religion to get attention on something else and to get rid of conflicts between other continents
- lack of religion eliminated conflict between a possible religions that would have gotten dominance then Christianity Muslim
- soviet union used strong central government as Centripteal force
- fell apart in 1990s
- late 20th century example of nation all 15 new independent states would work
- 15 states consisted of five groups
- baltic European Central Asian Caucaus and Russia
- good examples of nationstates have been carved out of Baltic euro and some Central Asian states
- not peaceful in small caucaus States and Russia
25
Q
turmoil and caucus
A
- Armenian Azerbaijan Georgia
- many Ethnicities conflict
- between black and Caspian seas
- each ethnic city has long-standing grievance against others
- every ethnicity in Caucasus has same aspiration- carve out nation state
26
Q
colonies
A
- there are more remaining colonies in this world then more people know about
- Puerto Rico most pop holding colony in planet biggest
- other examples held by US are virgin islands Guam
- don’t have all benefits of full citizenship like can’t vote
- almost all colony holdings in today’s world are islands in South Pacific or Caribbean
- colony holdings are not micro states because part of a larger state
- Hong Kong – portion of UK control to control went back to Chinese government
- Macao- Portuguese control now Chinese control
- only a handful remain 68
- least populated Pitcairn uk poss.
- List does not include several inhabited islands
- List does include several that don’t classify as Connie’s example Greenland Hong Kong Macau
- Greenland – high degree of atonomy and self rule, makes foreign decisions ind from Denmark, regards queen of Denmark as head
27
Q
Denmark
A
- nationstate
- strong sense of unity that derives from shared culture
- two largest ethnic minority groups our guest workers from turkey and refugees from ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia
- Denmark also controls two territories. where few Danes live Faroe Islands and Greenland world largest island
28
Q
Slovenia
A
- Republic within Yugoslavia that became independent
- nationstate idea in Slovenia has promoted countries relative peace and stability
- percentage of Slovenians has declined steadily
- when parts of Yugoslavia was most prosperous republic many of migrants remained in Slovenia after became independent
- example hung Gary in Italian
- World War II resulted in some Slovenes living in Italy vice versus
29
Q
breaking up in su Balkans Yugoslavia and chechoslovakia
A
- ethnic identity important in creation of nationstates in Europe
- Break up of SU yugo and chech gave more numerous Estness cities opportunity to organize nationstates
- less numerous Ethnicities found themselves existing as minorities in multinational national states or divided
- especially severe in Balkans where nationstates could not be made peacefully
- SU used centripetal forces to discourage Estness cities from expressing culture uniqueness
- use of Russian language was promoted as centripetal device
- SU yugo and chech dismantled largely because minority ethnicities opposed dominance of numerous ones in each country
- Russians in su Serbs in yugo and Czechs in chech
- Ethnicities sought to be majority in independent nationstates
- most republics generally made a peaceful transitions into independent states as long as boundaries corresponded with ethnicity
30
Q
baltic states
A
- Estonia latvia Lithuania located on Baltic Sea
- have distinct culture
- Lithuania – most closely fits nationstate definition Roman Catholic Indo euro language
- Estonians – Lutheran protestant uralic Lang
- Latvians – Lutheran protestant Roman Catholic minority Baltic group language
31
Q
European states
A
- Belarus Moldova Ukraine now qualify as nationstates
- ethnic distinctions among Belarusians Ukrainians and Russians sometimes blurred
- all speak similar East Slavic languages and predominantly orthodox
- Belarus and Ukraine – became distinct ethnic cities because were isolated from main body of eastern Slavs the Russians
- Russian concord Belarus and Ukrainian homelands but since isolated developed culture diverse city
- Moldova – ethnically indistinguishable from Romanians. when the Dover change from Republic to independent many Maldovan pushed for reunification with Romania to reunify ethnic group and improve regions prospect for economic Dev
- Ukrainian and Russian part opposed reunification
32
Q
Central Asian states
A
- five states display different degrees of a nationstate
- reminder that multinational states can be more peaceful the nationstates
- Turkmenistan and uzbekistan- both have majority and Muslims with Altec language. were conquered by Russia example of ethnicity is split into more than one country
- care to Stan – Muslims who speak I’ll take language resent Russians for seizing best farmland when they colonized
- cause extend – ethnic conflict divided between Kossickts and Russians cause six Muslim speak I’ll take language Russians Orthodox Indo-European language. has been peaceful because less depressed economy
- tajikasyan- appears stable but suffers from civil war among to drink people who are Muslims who speak Indo-European Lang
- civil War between to jicks former communist and alliance of Muslim fenda mentalist and Western intellectuals
33
Q
Russia largest multinational state
A
- recognizes 39 ethnic groups as nationalisties
- Russia’s ethnicities are clustered in 2 locations- along borders with neighbors or in center of Russia
- ind movements flourishing bc Russia less willing to suppress movements like su
- Chechens troubling for Russians
34
Q
Chechens
A
- Sunni Muslims Caucasian Lang distinct social customs
- brough under russian control
- declared independence when S you broke up
- Russian leaders ignored declaration sent army to attempt to regain control of territory
- seared other ethnic cities would follow
- Chechnya was also important because contained deposits of petroleum
- Russia viewed political stability in area as essential for promoting economic development and investment by foreign petroleum
35
Q
Azerbaijan
A
azerbajan- trace routes to Turkish invaders
- Western part of country separated from rest by Corredor that belongs to Armenia
- some azeris live in Iran
- hold positions of responsibility and Iran’s government and economy but I ran restricts teaching of Azeri language
35
Q
Azerbaijan
A
azerbajan- trace routes to Turkish invaders
- Western part of country separated from rest by Corredor that belongs to Armenia
- some azeris live in Iran
- hold positions of responsibility and Iran’s government and economy but I ran restricts teaching of Azeri language
36
Q
Armenia
A
- prior Armenians controlled independent kingdom in caucuses
- lived as isolated Christians under rule of Turkish Muslims
- Armenians killed in series of massacres by turks others forced to migrate to Russia
- after WWI allies created independent Armenia
- Turkey and S you agreed to divide Armenia between them
- soviet portion became independent country in 1991
- most ethnically homogeneous country in the region
- Armenians and Azeris want to form nationstates but after independence went to war against each other over boundaries
- Area that is inhabited primarily by Armenians but placed under Azerbaijan control
- war left area part of Azerbaijan but ask as independent republic
- many clashes have occurred since
36
Q
Armenia
A
- prior Armenians controlled independent kingdom in caucuses
- lived as isolated Christians under rule of Turkish Muslims
- Armenians killed in series of massacres by turks others forced to migrate to Russia
- after WWI allies created independent Armenia
- Turkey and S you agreed to divide Armenia between them
- soviet portion became independent country in 1991
- most ethnically homogeneous country in the region
- Armenians and Azeris want to form nationstates but after independence went to war against each other over boundaries
- Area that is inhabited primarily by Armenians but placed under Azerbaijan control
- war left area part of Azerbaijan but ask as independent republic
- many clashes have occurred since
37
Q
Georgia
A
- population more diverse than Armenia and Azerbaijan
- culturally diverse city source of unrest especially among Ossetians and abkhaazians
- abhazakian declared Abkhazia ind
- Ossetians declared ind
- Russia has organized them ind although only handful recognize independence
- 2 operate ind from Georgia
37
Q
Georgia
A
- population more diverse than Armenia and Azerbaijan
- culturally diverse city source of unrest especially among Ossetians and abkhaazians
- abhazakian declared Abkhazia ind
- Ossetians declared ind
- Russia has organized them ind although only handful recognize independence
- 2 operate ind from Georgia
38
Q
colonialism
A
- colony- territory legally tied to sovereign state rather than completely independent.
- in some cases sovereign state runs only colonies military and foreign policies in others also controls colonies internal affairs
- colonialism – effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and impose its political economic and cultural principles on that territory
- this is how euro states came to control much of world
- euro states establish colonies for three basic reasons
- One promote Christianity God
- to extract useful resources and serve as markets for products gold
- three establish power through number of Colonies glory
- hello Neil era began in 1400s when euro explorers sailed west word for Asia but settled in western hemisphere
- lost much of Western Hemisphere when US declared independence and Latin America
- euro states turned to Africa and Asia
- UK – planted colonies on every continent
- France – had second largest overseas territory in west Africa and Southeast Asia
- most African and Asian colonies became independent after WWII
- Andres of new states frequently coincide with former colonial provinces not always
38
Q
colonialism
A
- colony- territory legally tied to sovereign state rather than completely independent.
- in some cases sovereign state runs only colonies military and foreign policies in others also controls colonies internal affairs
- colonialism – effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and impose its political economic and cultural principles on that territory
- this is how euro states came to control much of world
- euro states establish colonies for three basic reasons
- One promote Christianity God
- to extract useful resources and serve as markets for products gold
- three establish power through number of Colonies glory
- hello Neil era began in 1400s when euro explorers sailed west word for Asia but settled in western hemisphere
- lost much of Western Hemisphere when US declared independence and Latin America
- euro states turned to Africa and Asia
- UK – planted colonies on every continent
- France – had second largest overseas territory in west Africa and Southeast Asia
- most African and Asian colonies became independent after WWII
- Andres of new states frequently coincide with former colonial provinces not always
43
Q
Self-determination
A
-Determine for yourself what your laws are how your government is going to work
43
Q
boundaries
A
- physical – 1 of 5 Ocean Riverlake mountain desert
- cultural – two different people groups religion or language
- geometric – use the lines of longitude or latitude to Mark boundary between two different places not that common
44
Q
Mid 1940s and now
A
- as few as 40 recognizable states
- now to over 200 states
- Balkanization helped with idea bc ethnicities wanted sovereignty
- ex Yugoslavia
- haven’t seen countries subdivide in Africa because past concept was tribes too many tribes to form Independent states
- some could be considered independent state but still under control of another country example Puerto Rico one of biggest
44
Q
physical boundaries
A
-5 types River Lakes mountains deserts oceans
45
Q
Greece state concept
A
- massive civilization with many city states within it
- Each city state had own governemnt system
- Ancient Greek city states- spart and Athens were different civilizations
- Sparta- war
- Athens- peaceful trading
- distance between them and diff gov system made difference between the two
45
Q
rivers
A
- River easiest one to see because straight line and easy to follow
- US – biggest Rio grande between Mexico
- rivers can change but invisible boundaries don’t
- example some land that is on the US side land can actually be Mexican
- US river – St. Lawrence between US and Canada
46
Q
Boundaries
A
- invisible line that marks the extent of a states territory separates it from its neighbors
- process of selecting location difficult
- physical – one of five Ocean river lake mountain desert
- cultural – two different people groups and religion/language
- geometric – use the lines of longitude or latitude to Mark boundary between two different places not that common
- neither type of boundary is better than the other and many boundaries are common
- can generate conflict
- Boundaryline is the only location where direct physical contact must be taken place between two neighboring states
- The best of boundaries are those to which all affected state
46
Q
Lakes
A
- US lakes – Great Lakes boundary between US and Canada
- difficult part of using lakes as boundary
- in big lakes can’t know what side you’re on in the middle of the lake
- use GPS to know where you are and what country you’re in
- Africa lake – Lake Victoria boundary between four countries Uganda can
- Lake Malawi – boundary between malawi Tanzania Mozambique
- lake tanganyi- between Tanzania and dem rep of Congo
47
Q
Physical boundaries
A
One of five River Lake Mountain desert ocean
-coincide with significant features of the natural landscape
-
47
Q
mountains
A
- ural mnts btw Europe and Asia
- Russia on both continents
- Pyrenees- Spain and France
- alps- division btw Switzerland and Italy, Austria and Italy
- caucuses – between Europe and Asia South Russia north Georgia
- Himalayas – between India and China Nepal in China
- andes – Chile and Argentina
48
Q
Front tier
A
- historically separated state rather than boundaries
- zone where no state exercises complete political control
- tangible geographic area where as a boundary is a thin line
- either uninhabited or scarcely settled
48
Q
oceans
A
- unique
- 200 miles zone and a 12 mile zone
- 12 miles own – territorial waters is in 12 miles of the country have to act in laws of that country
- example Florida ships can’t to gamble in Florida so go 12.1 miles out ocean so that they are allowed to gamble outside of US laws
- 200 miles down – exclusive economic zone
- if there is resource that exists within 200 miles of a country country has a right to use it
- example area with Rich fish within 200 miles of its coast is the only country that is allowed to use it
- Maine lobster not 200 miles between Canadian waters so have to use GPS to know when they reach boundary
- Iceland – island Richest fishers in world doesn’t have 200 mile prob
49
Q
Desert
A
- simply boundary where people don’t want live no water dry
- common in Africa and Asia
- can effectively divide two states because desert are hard to cross and scarcely inhabited
- Sahara stable boundary separating Algeria Libya and Egypt from maritania Mali Niger Chad and Sudan
- exception is boundary between Chad and Libya
49
Q
deserts
A
- simply more boundary where people don’t want to live no water dry
- The whole desert is not the boundary example Sahara is not a boundary between two countries it is a large desert
50
Q
Mountain
A
- can be effective because difficult to cross
- contact between nationalities living on opposite sides may be limited
- mountains permanent and usually inhabited
- can create conflict example Argentina and Chile could not decide on precise location of boundary
- Uralbetween Europe and Asia
- Russia on both continents
- Pyreneese – Spanish and French
- alps – division between Switz and Italy, Austria and Italy
- caucuses – between Europe and Asia South Russia north Georgia
- Himalayas – between India and China, Nepal and China
- Andes- Chile and Argentina
51
Q
Water boundaries
A
- rivers lakes oceans most commonly used as boundaries
- readily visible on maps
- especially common in East Africa
- position of water may change over time
52
Q
Rivers
A
- easiest one to see because straight line and easy to follow
- US – biggest Rio grande between Mexico
- rivers can change but invisible boundary doesn’t
- example some land that is on the US side can actually be Mexican land
- US river – St. Lawrence between US and Canada
53
Q
Lakes
A
- US lakes – Great Lakes boundary between US and Canada
- difficult part of using lakes as boundary is so big don’t know what side you’re on use GPS to know where you are
- Africa lake – Lake Victoria boundary between Uganda Kenya and Tanzania
- lake Malawi- between Malawi Tanzania Mozambique
- Lake Tanganyika- between Tanzania and democratic republic of Congo
- lake Albert- Congo Uganda
54
Q
Oceans
A
- -unique
- States that have ocean boundaries are able to claim areas of the ocean for defense and fishing
- 200 miles zone and a 12 mile zone
- 12 miles own – territorial waters is in 12 miles of the country have to act in laws of that country
- example Florida ships can’t to gamble in Florida so go 12.1 miles out ocean so that they are allowed to gamble outside of US laws
- 200 miles down – exclusive economic zone
- if there is resource that exists within 200 miles of a country country has a right to use it
- example area with Rich fish within 200 miles of its coast is the only country that is allowed to use it
- Maine lobster not 200 miles between Canadian waters so have to use GPS to know when they reach boundary
- Iceland – island Richest fishers in world doesn’t have 200 mile prob
55
Q
Compact shape
A
-easy communication
-Iceland Netherlands Belgium Poland Germany France
-Capital in Center for easy communication
-distance from center to any boundary not vary
-ideal shape circle with capital at center
significantly
-
56
Q
Shapes of states
A
- shape controls length of its boundaries
- effects potential for communication and conflict with neighbors
- centripetal force
- can influence easy or difficult he of internal administration and can affect social unity
- compact prorupted elongated fragmented perforated
- each can be seen in southern Africa
57
Q
Elongated
A
- chili
- isolated people groups
- difficulty communication
- not much good
- although in today’s world don’t struggle with communication because of development so communication not much of an issue
- Argentina Malawi Gambia Togo Benin
- Capital still placed near center
58
Q
Prorupted
A
- Namibia – colonized by Germany
- proruption to east called caprivi strip
- surrounding states colonized by British
- Germany trying to disrupt communication with British and surrounding states
- also access to resources and water in central Africa and Zambizi river
- DRC – piece onto West
- Belgians made this for access of ocean
- easy way to export globally is ships so need access
- four ways to transport water air rail truck
- water least expensive
- and otherwise compact state with a large project in extension
- two reasons to provide state with access to resources like water or to separate two states that would otherwise share a border
- Afghanistan – proruption to prevent Russia from sharing border with Pakistan
59
Q
Fragmented
A
- includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
- all states that have offshore islands as part of territory are fragmented
- two kinds fragmented separated by water or separated by intervening states
- Tanzania – island of Zanzibar home to different ethnic groups but two agreed to join because of shared development goals and politics
- Indonesia- water, almost all of population live on two islands Java and Sumatra
- fragmentation hinders communications and makes integration of people living on remote islands hard
- to help integration government encouraged migration from more dense to less dense islands
- not all fragments joined Indonesia voluntarily
- biggest issue communication and governing
- Philippines
- North America with Alaska and Hawaii
- Russia- intervening state
- Kaliningrad separated by Lithuania and Belarus
- Russia wants this area because it has the country’s largest naval base on the Baltic Sea
- these non-connected pieces called exclaves
- Angola – intervening state
- divided into two fragments by Congo
- there was an independence movement trying to make Cabinda separate
- Panama – was fragmented by US until became an elongated state
60
Q
Perforated state
A
- State that completely surrounds another one
- South Africa
- difficulty for Lesotho because become landlocked
- State that is surrounded faces problems of dependence on surrounding state
- lesotho depends on South Africa for import and export of goods
- dependency on south Africa difficult when governed by whites who discriminated against blacks
- Italy surrounds the Vatican and San Marino
61
Q
Landlocked state
A
- lax direct outlet to see because completely surrounded by several other states
- common in Africa 15 out of 55
- remanent of colonial era when British and France controlled extensive regions
- euro powers built railroads to connect interior of Africa with sea
- now empires gone former colonies became independent states some important colonial railroad lines passed through independent countries
- this created landlocked states which must cooperate with neighboring states to have access to sea
62
Q
Cultural boundaries
A
- Geometric and ethnic
- geometric are simply straight lines drawn on a map
- other boundaries between states coincide with differences and Estness city especially language and religion
63
Q
Geometric boundary
A
- parts of northern US boundary with Canada is a straight line
- boundary established by treaty between US and Great Britain which still controlled Canada
- US and Canada boundary geometric and water
- boundary between Chad in Libya is a straight line drawn across doesn’t buy French and British to set the northern limit of French colonies in Africa
- Libya said line should be more south seized territory
- Chad expelled Libyan in the army with help of French forces and regained control of aozou strip
64
Q
Ethnic boundaries
A
- boundaries between countries have been placed where possible to separate speakers of different languages or followers of religions
- religious differences often coincide with boundaries between the states but only in a few cases has religion been used to select boundary
- religious boundary India and Pakistan by British
- religious boundary northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland
- language is an important cultural characteristic for Drawing boundaries especially in Europe
- England France Portugal and Spain Germany Italy are examples of European states that joined around languages
65
Q
Cypress green line boundary
A
- two nationalities Greek and Turkish
- greeks 78% turks 18%
- when gained independence from Britain guaranteed Turkish minority share of elected offices and control over its own education religion and culture
- never peacefully integrated Greek and Turkish
- Greek military seized control of government shortly after turkey invaded to protect Turkish minority
- Northern Ireland controlled by Turkey declared itself independent only turkey recognizes it
- Wall constructed between two areas and back or zone patrolled by UN across entire island
- to nationalities became isolated
- North Turkish South Greek
- portion of wall was demolished and two nationalities could cross over again
- UN peace plan for reunification excepted by Turkish rejected by Greek
66
Q
Demarcating boundaries with GPS
A
- surveyors usability of GPS to pinpoint location to determine precise boundary between North and South Carolina
-original boundary marked by hatchet marks which have disappeared
-made new boundary which found that some property is in one state was thought to be another
-
67
Q
Government states
A
- two types of government national and local
- National scale government can be more or less democrat
- at local scale national government can determine how much power to give to local
68
Q
National scale
A
- democratic anocratic or autocratic
- democracy- citizens elect leaders and can run fir office
- autocracy- run according to interests of ruler not people
- anocratic- not fully democratic or autocratic, mixture of both
- democracies and autocracies differ and three elements
- selection of leaders citizen participation and checks and balances
69
Q
Selection of leaders
A
- democracy has institutions and proceeder through which citizens can express effective preferences about policies and leaders
- autocracy has leaders who are selected to rules of succession usually hereditary from within political elite
70
Q
Citizen participation
A
- democracy has institutionalized constraints on exercise of power
- autocracy. Has citizens participation restricted
71
Q
Checks and balances
A
- democracy has guarantees of civil liberties to all citizens in daily lives and in acts of politics
- autocracy- has leaders who exercise power with no checks from legislative judicial or civil society
72
Q
Trends toward democracy
A
- world more democratic for three reasons
- replacement of the relevant monarchies with elected governments that can regulate tax mobilize citizens and broaden an individual rights and Liberties
- widening of participation in policy through universal rights to vote and serve in government
- using a democratic government structures created in Europe and North America to other regions of the world
73
Q
Arab Spring
A
- dramatic shift in government in recent years
- consisted of major protests in dozen countries and southwest Asia and North Africa
- resulting in forcing from power auto Craddick rulers in Egypt Libya Tunisia Yemen
- included demonstrations rallies strikes and other forms of civil disobedience led by college age people
- use of social media and electronic devices to organize protests communicate images and distribute images of events
74
Q
Local scale
A
- unitary and federal states
- unitary – places most power and hands of central government officials
- Federal state – gives power to units of local government within country
75
Q
Unitary states
A
- works best in nationstates with you internal cultural differences and strong unity
- smaller states more likely to adopt it
- especially common in Europe
- some multinational states have adopted unitary so that values of one nationality can be imposed on others
- Kenya Andrew Wanda use unitary government for one ethnic group to dominate over weaker
- nationstate France unitary government in which strong national government dominates local government decisions
- size not always accurate example of China to promote communist value
76
Q
Federal states
A
- example United States
- local government possess authority to adopt a laws
- multinational states may adopt a federal system to empower different nationalities especially if live in separate regions of country
- under federal government local government boundaries can be drawn to correspond with regions inhabited by different ethnicities
- more suitable for large states because national capital may be too remote to provide control over isolated regions
- Russia Canada US Brazil India
- size not always accurate example Belgium with Flemish and Whallons
- in recent years strong global trend toward federal
- States have turned to Federal to transfer some authority from national government to local government units of ethnicities for more self-determination
- and ethnic city that is not numerous to gain control of national government may be content with control of regional or local
77
Q
Elect oral geography
A
- parties been rules by drawling of legislative district boundaries to their advantage
- District boundaries redrawn periodically to ensure same population
- process of redrawing legislative boundaries for purpose of benefiting party in power is called gerrymandering
- takes three forms wasted excess stacked vote
- Job of redrawn boundaries in most European countries entrusted to independent commissions
78
Q
Wasted vote gerrymandering
A
- spreads opposition supporters across many districts but in the minority
- could create for districts with slender majority of blue party voters and one district with strong majority of red party voters
79
Q
Excess vote gerrymandering
A
- concentrates oppositions porters into a few districts
- for districts with slender majority of red party voters and one district with overwhelming majority of the party voters
80
Q
Stacked vote gerrymandering
A
- links distant areas of like-minded voters through oddly shaped boundaries
- create five oddly shaped districts for with slender majority of red party voters and one with overwhelming majority of blue party voters
- act vote gerrymandering has been especially attractive to elect ethnic minorities
- republicans support stacked Democratic district because a better able to drop boundaries that are favorable to their candidates in the rest of the state
- US Supreme Court ruled gerrymandering illegal
81
Q
Balance of power
A
Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries
82
Q
Colonialism
A
An attempt by one country to establish settlements in to impose its political economic and cultural principles in another territory
83
Q
Colony
A
Territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent
