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AP HUMAN > Chapter 5 Languages > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Languages Flashcards

0
Q

Literary tradition

A
  • any written form of language
  • two forms use for most languages
  • Western alphabet Roman
  • Idiograms now call logograms an image can transfer meeting
  • not every language has literary tradition example clicking languages
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1
Q

Language main concept

A
  • any sort of verbal communication any system of sounds or noises that allows communication
  • one of the main elements of culture
  • when people move they take their language with them
  • can be a point of conflict
  • people may think people speak other languages based on the looks we make assumptions by the way people look
  • it is very different not only from person to person different dialects and accents word usage also from place to place
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2
Q

Official language

A
  • language used by government
  • used for roadsigns documents money
  • reason Pres. Obama give his speech is an English
  • UN has six official languages English Spanish French Russian Arabic Manderin
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3
Q

Classification

A
  • trunk is language family oldest classification we can use
  • branches language branches more recent
  • most recent language groups
  • example Indo-European to Germanic to West Germanic to English
  • some trunks divide into several branches, language groups
  • some speculate lang fams joined together as superfams shown as roots because existence controversial
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4
Q

Indo-European

A

Largest most spoken language family on the planet

  • largest languages are English and Spanish
  • use in europe South Asia north and Latin America
  • divided into 8 branches 4 are popular
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5
Q

Sino Tibetan

A
  • Manderin
  • Second largest language family because of Mandren
  • Mandren not Chinese dialect spoken in China
  • encompasses china
  • mandarin most used lang in world
  • one of six official languages in un
  • small number of langs in china show unity, also fostered by consistent written form in all china
  • chinese written with logograms , which are symbols that represent words rather than sounds
  • most are compounds related to bodies of water
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6
Q

Austronesian

A

Japanese Indonesia

worlds 4th most populous country

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7
Q

Astro Asiatic

A

Vietnamese

  • Southeast Asia
  • written with Roman alphabet
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8
Q

Thai Kadai

A

Thailand

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9
Q

Japanese

A

Only one language in this family because it is isolated

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10
Q

Korean

A

Uses Hankul vocab system one language Korean doesn’t fit in ideogram or western alphabet

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11
Q

Afro-Asiatic

A

Arabic popular because of Karen

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12
Q

Uralic

A

Europe Estonia Finland hungry

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13
Q

Niger Congo

A

Sub-Saharan desert Swahili common dialect more largely spoken with in Africa

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14
Q

Nilo saharan

A

North Central

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15
Q

Khoisan

A

Click languages not everything they say is a click have other sounds
- most important lang hottenhot

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16
Q

German influence on English

A

-moved from Greeks to Romans
- romans controlled a lot
- Rome fell because they split
-angles Saxons and Judes invaded and settled into Great Britain
-known as Anglo-Saxons
-A lot of conflict because shared Germanic language
-normans invaded England and brush French
-laxative English comes from romance side take all pieces and comes up with English-
most romance language are from the Latin
-English develops over time
-English differs from place to place

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17
Q

How Germanic language spread theories

A
  • relocation diffusion
  • first theory made by Mary gimbutas they were called Kurgans. Worriers travel and took over groups and force them to speak there in language
  • Second theory Collin Renfrew groups called Anatolians or farmers sedentary farmers not moving needed more land so expanded get in contact with other groups
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18
Q

Accent

A

All you do is change the vowel
-in order to be a dialect you need to have different words for a common thing these are not dialects
-

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19
Q

Three main differences in English

A

Pronunciation vocab spelling

  • pronunciation – accents
  • Vocab – lift elevator
  • spelling – color with a U favorite with a U
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20
Q

Romance branch dialect

A
  • Conversation starts with Spanish Columbus
  • started to bring boats and people
  • at that time ruler of the world was pope
  • treaty of tordisias
  • Portugal could claim Brazil so Brazil speaks Portuguese because Portugal claimed it
  • rest of South America speaks Spanish
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21
Q

Creolized language

A
  • you take natural language of people and mix it with the language of the group that has colonized them
  • Haiti best example colonized by French
  • Haitian economy agriculture so lots of slaves
  • slaves up rise and over through French
  • native language Haitian but mixed it with the French
  • now called French Creole
  • other examples Spanglish – South Florida and Southwest US
  • Frangula French plus English Quebec
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22
Q

earths heterogeneous languages one of most obvious examples of cultural diversity

A

g

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23
Q

how many languages does world have?
how many are spoken by more than 100 million?
how many are spoken by fewer than 1 million?

A

6,909
11
6,524

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24
Q

language family

A
  • collection of languages related thorugh common ancestral language that existed before recorded history
  • trunk
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25
Q

language branch

A
  • branches
  • collection of languages within family related through common ancestral language existed several thousand years ago
  • differences not as extensive or old between language families because of similar time
  • archeological evidence can confirm that branches derived fro same fam
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26
Q

language group

A
  • collection of languages within branch that share common origin in past adn display similarities in grammar and vocab
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27
Q

where are languages most complex

A

africa

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28
Q

language fams with at least 10 million speakers re shown as what
individual langs that have more than 5 mil are shown as what

A

trunks of tree

leaves

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29
Q

languages in east and Southeast Asia

A
  • clustered on islands or peninsulas

- austronesian austro asiatic, tai kadai, japanese, korean

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30
Q

languages in southwest asia and North Africa and Central Asia

A
  • afro asiatic, altaic, uralic
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31
Q

african languages

A

niger congo, nilo saharan, khoisan

  • know one knows precise number of languages in africa
  • more than 1,000
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32
Q

altaic

A
  • turkish,
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33
Q

germanic branch

A
  • west and norht

- north- scandanavia- norwegian danish swedish icelandic, all derive from old norse

34
Q

indo iranian

A
  • most speakers
  • eastern indic
    • off lang of india is hindi
    • english 2nd off lang
    • pnly 1 off way to write hindi, script called devangari
  • western western iranian
    • spoken in iran and neighboring of Central Asia
    • persian in iran, pashto in east afghan and west pakistan, kurdish used by kurds in west iran, norh iraq, east turkey
    • all written in arabic
35
Q

balto slavic branch

A
  • east and baltic group
    • most widely used baltic is eastern(russian)
    • russian increased bc of su rise of power
    • forced natives to speak russian for unity
    • with end of su ind republics adopted other off langs
  • west and south group
    • west- polish
    • gov of former czechoslo. tried to balance 2 langs (czech and slovak) more czechs than slovaks
    • 4 years after fall of communsim, slovakia split from czech
    • south- serbo croation- bosnia serbia croatia
    • all part of yugoslovakia
    • in general diffs. among all slavic langs relatively small
36
Q

romance branch

A
  • evolved from latin language
  • spanish portugeouse french italian
  • region of languages correspond to mountain boundaries of countries
  • physical boundaries strong invervening obstacles
  • 5th most widely used romance lang romanian romania and moldova
37
Q

distribution of languages exists because of what

A
  • pattern of origin and diffusion
  • lang fams predate recorded history, but we can find out the origin and diffusion or lang branches and fams
  • ex english and romance langs
38
Q

origin and diffusion of english

A
  • started out as celts in england, pushed out by invading tribes
  • tribes invading british isles were angles, jutes, saxons(germanic)
  • modern english evolved primarly because of these 3 groups
  • england comes from angles land
  • other people also invaded england and added their lang to basic english, ex vikings from present day norway
  • english diff from german bc england conquered by normans
  • they spoke french
  • england lost control of normandy and english again became dominating lang
  • distr. of english speakers around worls bc people from england migrated
  • english 1st diffused from england to NA in 17th century
  • us been responsible recently for diffusion of english( phillipines)
39
Q

origin and diffusion of romance lang

A
  • all developed from latin the romans language
  • latin that people in provinces learned was known as Vulgar Latin from latin word reffering to masses of populace
  • introduced to provinces by soldiers stationed throughout empire
40
Q

origin and diffusion of indo european

A
  • anecestor proto indo european cannot be proved with certainty
  • evidence is internal derived from physical attributes of words.
  • some words have common roots, words from daily life of protos
  • individual langs share common root words for winter and snow but not ocena, so conclude lived in cold climate
  • 1 theory by marjita gimbutas, kurgan people who were nomadic herders, migrated for search of grasslands, usef domestic horses as weaposn, conquered much of europe and South Asia
  • 2 theory colin renfrew lived before kurgans, diffused into europe and South Asia bc of agriculture not conquest, speakers became more numerous by growing food instead of hunting
41
Q

dialect

A
  • regional variation of lang dist. vocab, spelling and pronunciation
  • speakers of one can understand others
  • ## distr. of dialect documented through study of paricular words
42
Q

isogloss

A
  • boundary that seperates regions in which different lang usages predominate
  • determined by collectingn data directly from people
  • people shown pics to identify
43
Q

dialects in us

A
  • when people migrate, dialects develop
  • settlements can be grouped into 3 dialect regions
  • New England- settlers from england puritans
  • southeastern- southeastern englnd, diversity of social backgrounds
  • midlands- more diverse immigrants, early settlers of penn quakers from north england
  • english dialects now spoken in us southeast and New England recongnizable, midland differs
  • 3 east coast regions joined by 4th in west
  • mass media influence adoption of same words
  • pronunciationn more familar than word diffs.
  • harder to draw precise isoglosses
  • diffusion of engish dialects result of westward mvmt.
  • northeast and south east unusal to majority of americans bc american west comes from midlands
44
Q

dialects in uk

A
  • english originated with 3 invading groups from north europe, angles in north jutes in southeast saxons in southwest
  • all came from old english kentish in sotheast, west saxon southwest, mercian center of island, northiumbrian in north
  • standard land of england in Received Pronunciation (RP0
  • strong regional differeinces perisist in english dialect
45
Q

standard lang

A

dialect that is well esablishedd and widely recognized as most acceptable for governemnt

46
Q

british and american dialect

A
  • earliest colonists most responsivle for dominant lang patterns that exxist today
  • english land in us differennt than in elgnad bc of isolation
  • english us differs from england in vocab spelling and pronunciation
47
Q

vocab

A
  • settlers in america encountered new things
48
Q

spelling

A

us wanted to be independent

  • noah webster was creater of first comprehensive americna dictionary and grammar books
  • webster said spelling and grammar would establush national language, reduces dependence,
49
Q

pronunciation

A
  • pronunctiation has changed more in england than in us
50
Q

romance branch dialects

A
  • spanish and port.
    • port. developed as seperate lang bc isolation
    • 90% speaker of these 2 outside of europe in sentral and South America , port. in brazil and spanish in much of latin ameria
    • diffused to americas by spanish and port. explorers
    • division of central and South America into port. and span. speaking bc of pope alexander treaty of tordesilllas
51
Q

dialect or language

A
  • catalan ws once regraded as dialect of spniah, now separate romance lang
  • galician whether dialect of port. or dist. lang
  • moldovan generally classified as dilect of romanian, moldovan is off. lang of moldova
  • moldovan written in cyrillic letter wheras romaninan is written in roman letters
52
Q

Multiethnic state

A

Where two or more cultures live together example Belgian two different people into different languages multicultural and multilingual
-not all multicultural states are multilingual but most are

53
Q

Belgium

A
  • flemings Flemish Dutch north
  • Walloons French south
  • to language groups don’t like each other
  • used to be able to control themselves antagonism
  • they could split into two countries but they won’t
  • two cultures me they are different they create conflict
54
Q

Switzerland

A
  • Government gives autonomy and freedom to four region
  • German French Italian Romansh
  • Switzerland is divided into four main linguistic regions
55
Q

Isolated language

A
  • language unrelated to any other therefore not attached to any language family
  • isolated areas not much change example Japanese
  • Japanese – no branches because it is an isolated island keeps to themselves
  • ice land – Icelandic Island doesn’t change much
  • both of these are islands they have isolation that is why they are isolated languages
56
Q

Basque

A
  • middle ages small tribal people group living only in Pyrenees Spanish and French isolated language comes from isolated people great nation without a state
  • only language currently spoken in Europe that survives from the period before the arrival of Indo-European speakers
  • isolation has helped them preserve their language
57
Q

Gothic

A
  • extinct language east and north you’re a part of the East Germanic branch which now does not exist
  • extinct languages could come back if someone wanted to revive it
58
Q

Latin

A
  • not an extinct language although it is only spoken in the Catholic church by the pope
59
Q

Extinct language

A
  • some Native American languages

- A language that was once people in daily activities but no longer used

60
Q

Hebrew

A
  • revived language because of Jews
  • changes in culture you have to make new words for stuff that was not in the past
  • one of the biggest challenges with revived languages is creating new words
  • when Israel was established as an independent country Hebrew became one of the countries two official languages along with Arabic because of the Jewish population in Israel
  • Hebrew still used in Jewish prayers
61
Q

Celtic

A
  • endangered language mostly in Ireland
  • Celtic branch of end up European was the major language in the British Isles before the three tribes invaded
  • Welsh – Wells branch of UK,
  • Irish – called Gallic Ireland, Irish Gaelic and English are the Ireland’s two official languages, revival being led by a young Irish who wish to distinguish themselves from the English
  • at one point the Irish were for bidden to speak their own language in the presence of their English Masters children would be punished if they spoke Irish
62
Q

Lingua franca

A

-language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
-language that is used for business or commerce
-example dad calls China they talk to him in English
- English, people in smaller countries need to learn English to participate in things
-other languages are Swahili in east Africa, Hindi in South Asia, Indonesian in Southeast Asia Russian in former su
- good way to learn about beliefs and traits and values of people living in other regions is to learn their language
- English might disappear as lingua Franca, and no other lang will replace it
- advances in tech enable peopl to continue speaking their native Lang while using computer and speech recognition devices to translate
-

63
Q

Pigeon language

A
  • form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca use for communications among speakers of two different languages
  • simplified form of a lingua franca
  • constructed by learning a few of the grammar rules and words of a lingua franca like English mixing in some elements of their own language
  • pigeon language has no native speakers always spoken in addition to one’s native language
64
Q

Denglish

Frangula

A

German and English

Spoken in Quebec

65
Q

Spanish popularity in US

A
  • popular in Texas Florida New Mexico Arizona California Nevada
  • influenced in Florida more by Cuban Puerto Rican and Dominican
  • in in West more Mexican influence
  • other oddballs are you working in Illinois which speak Spanish because economics and family
  • Family bigger because of chain migration people live longer distances for chain migration rather then economics
66
Q

French influence in Canada

A
  • two official languages English and French French mostly in Quebec
  • French not used a lot in Canada but people make the choice to preserve it so they do what they can to preserve the language
  • French would be a full culture in Canada because not diffused to all of Canada
67
Q

Nigeria

A
68
Q

Icelandic

A
  • known as an unchanging language in the Germanic group

- because it is isolated island

69
Q

Australia

A
  • most widely used language is English because of British settlement
  • adopted policies to preserve indigenous languages
  • regards English as a tool for promoting cultural diversity
  • 1% aboriginal
  • every perspective Annegret required to learn English Old law called white Australia
70
Q

New Zealand

A
  • more than 10% Maori
  • regards linguistic diversity as an important element of cultural diversity
  • more strict than Australia must be fluent in English
  • both countries do not get a lot of Asian immigrants
71
Q

Occitan in France

A

most important linguistic difference is between North and South
-North French or Francian
-south Occitan
-

72
Q

Sustainability of any language depends on what

A

Political and military strength of the speakers

73
Q

Why did Celtic language decline

A

Because Celts lost most of the territory

74
Q

EB LUL

A

Provide financial support for the preservation of several dozen indigenous regional and minority languages

75
Q

Language of international communication

A

English

76
Q

Dominance of English as an international language has done what

A
  • facilitate the diffusion of pop culture and science and growth of international trade
77
Q

Recent growth in use of English is an example of what

-this occurs in two ways

A
  • Expansion diffusion spread of the trade through the snowballing effect of an idea rather than through the relocation of people
  • English is changing through diffusion of new vocabulary spelling and pronunciation
  • which words are fusing with other languages
78
Q

How can the language remain vibrate

A

Usage must be coined to deal with new situations

79
Q

For can American English

A
  • African American English – distinctive direct when Africans were forced to move to the southern colonies as slaves
    - dialect called African-American vernacular English
    - also called Ebonics combination of ebony and phonics
    • classified as distinctive dialect
80
Q

Appalachian English

A

-speaking at the latch in dialect is both pride and problems source of regional identity but has long been regarded by other Americans as a sign of poor education and an obstacle to obtaining employment also like African American English

81
Q

Spanglish

A
  • In Miami at large Cuban American community Spanglish sometimes called Cubonics combination of Cuban and phonetics
  • like French Spanglish involves converting English words to Spanish forms
82
Q

French-speaking Canada

A
  • although French dominates over English Koback faces a fresh challenge of integrating a large number of immigrants from Europe Asia and Latin America who don’t speak French
  • many immigrants would prefer to use English as their lingua franca
83
Q

What other language is catching up to be the most important lingua franca

A

Manderin

AP HUMAN (7 decks)

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