Chapter 5 Languages Flashcards
Literary tradition
- any written form of language
- two forms use for most languages
- Western alphabet Roman
- Idiograms now call logograms an image can transfer meeting
- not every language has literary tradition example clicking languages
Language main concept
- any sort of verbal communication any system of sounds or noises that allows communication
- one of the main elements of culture
- when people move they take their language with them
- can be a point of conflict
- people may think people speak other languages based on the looks we make assumptions by the way people look
- it is very different not only from person to person different dialects and accents word usage also from place to place
Official language
- language used by government
- used for roadsigns documents money
- reason Pres. Obama give his speech is an English
- UN has six official languages English Spanish French Russian Arabic Manderin
Classification
- trunk is language family oldest classification we can use
- branches language branches more recent
- most recent language groups
- example Indo-European to Germanic to West Germanic to English
- some trunks divide into several branches, language groups
- some speculate lang fams joined together as superfams shown as roots because existence controversial
Indo-European
Largest most spoken language family on the planet
- largest languages are English and Spanish
- use in europe South Asia north and Latin America
- divided into 8 branches 4 are popular
Sino Tibetan
- Manderin
- Second largest language family because of Mandren
- Mandren not Chinese dialect spoken in China
- encompasses china
- mandarin most used lang in world
- one of six official languages in un
- small number of langs in china show unity, also fostered by consistent written form in all china
- chinese written with logograms , which are symbols that represent words rather than sounds
- most are compounds related to bodies of water
Austronesian
Japanese Indonesia
worlds 4th most populous country
Astro Asiatic
Vietnamese
- Southeast Asia
- written with Roman alphabet
Thai Kadai
Thailand
Japanese
Only one language in this family because it is isolated
Korean
Uses Hankul vocab system one language Korean doesn’t fit in ideogram or western alphabet
Afro-Asiatic
Arabic popular because of Karen
Uralic
Europe Estonia Finland hungry
Niger Congo
Sub-Saharan desert Swahili common dialect more largely spoken with in Africa
Nilo saharan
North Central
Khoisan
Click languages not everything they say is a click have other sounds
- most important lang hottenhot
German influence on English
-moved from Greeks to Romans
- romans controlled a lot
- Rome fell because they split
-angles Saxons and Judes invaded and settled into Great Britain
-known as Anglo-Saxons
-A lot of conflict because shared Germanic language
-normans invaded England and brush French
-laxative English comes from romance side take all pieces and comes up with English-
most romance language are from the Latin
-English develops over time
-English differs from place to place
How Germanic language spread theories
- relocation diffusion
- first theory made by Mary gimbutas they were called Kurgans. Worriers travel and took over groups and force them to speak there in language
- Second theory Collin Renfrew groups called Anatolians or farmers sedentary farmers not moving needed more land so expanded get in contact with other groups
Accent
All you do is change the vowel
-in order to be a dialect you need to have different words for a common thing these are not dialects
-
Three main differences in English
Pronunciation vocab spelling
- pronunciation – accents
- Vocab – lift elevator
- spelling – color with a U favorite with a U
Romance branch dialect
- Conversation starts with Spanish Columbus
- started to bring boats and people
- at that time ruler of the world was pope
- treaty of tordisias
- Portugal could claim Brazil so Brazil speaks Portuguese because Portugal claimed it
- rest of South America speaks Spanish
Creolized language
- you take natural language of people and mix it with the language of the group that has colonized them
- Haiti best example colonized by French
- Haitian economy agriculture so lots of slaves
- slaves up rise and over through French
- native language Haitian but mixed it with the French
- now called French Creole
- other examples Spanglish – South Florida and Southwest US
- Frangula French plus English Quebec
earths heterogeneous languages one of most obvious examples of cultural diversity
g
how many languages does world have?
how many are spoken by more than 100 million?
how many are spoken by fewer than 1 million?
6,909
11
6,524
language family
- collection of languages related thorugh common ancestral language that existed before recorded history
- trunk
language branch
- branches
- collection of languages within family related through common ancestral language existed several thousand years ago
- differences not as extensive or old between language families because of similar time
- archeological evidence can confirm that branches derived fro same fam
language group
- collection of languages within branch that share common origin in past adn display similarities in grammar and vocab
where are languages most complex
africa
language fams with at least 10 million speakers re shown as what
individual langs that have more than 5 mil are shown as what
trunks of tree
leaves
languages in east and Southeast Asia
- clustered on islands or peninsulas
- austronesian austro asiatic, tai kadai, japanese, korean
languages in southwest asia and North Africa and Central Asia
- afro asiatic, altaic, uralic
african languages
niger congo, nilo saharan, khoisan
- know one knows precise number of languages in africa
- more than 1,000
altaic
- turkish,
germanic branch
- west and norht
- north- scandanavia- norwegian danish swedish icelandic, all derive from old norse
indo iranian
- most speakers
- eastern indic
- off lang of india is hindi
- english 2nd off lang
- pnly 1 off way to write hindi, script called devangari
- western western iranian
- spoken in iran and neighboring of Central Asia
- persian in iran, pashto in east afghan and west pakistan, kurdish used by kurds in west iran, norh iraq, east turkey
- all written in arabic
balto slavic branch
- east and baltic group
- most widely used baltic is eastern(russian)
- russian increased bc of su rise of power
- forced natives to speak russian for unity
- with end of su ind republics adopted other off langs
- west and south group
- west- polish
- gov of former czechoslo. tried to balance 2 langs (czech and slovak) more czechs than slovaks
- 4 years after fall of communsim, slovakia split from czech
- south- serbo croation- bosnia serbia croatia
- all part of yugoslovakia
- in general diffs. among all slavic langs relatively small
romance branch
- evolved from latin language
- spanish portugeouse french italian
- region of languages correspond to mountain boundaries of countries
- physical boundaries strong invervening obstacles
- 5th most widely used romance lang romanian romania and moldova
distribution of languages exists because of what
- pattern of origin and diffusion
- lang fams predate recorded history, but we can find out the origin and diffusion or lang branches and fams
- ex english and romance langs
origin and diffusion of english
- started out as celts in england, pushed out by invading tribes
- tribes invading british isles were angles, jutes, saxons(germanic)
- modern english evolved primarly because of these 3 groups
- england comes from angles land
- other people also invaded england and added their lang to basic english, ex vikings from present day norway
- english diff from german bc england conquered by normans
- they spoke french
- england lost control of normandy and english again became dominating lang
- distr. of english speakers around worls bc people from england migrated
- english 1st diffused from england to NA in 17th century
- us been responsible recently for diffusion of english( phillipines)
origin and diffusion of romance lang
- all developed from latin the romans language
- latin that people in provinces learned was known as Vulgar Latin from latin word reffering to masses of populace
- introduced to provinces by soldiers stationed throughout empire
origin and diffusion of indo european
- anecestor proto indo european cannot be proved with certainty
- evidence is internal derived from physical attributes of words.
- some words have common roots, words from daily life of protos
- individual langs share common root words for winter and snow but not ocena, so conclude lived in cold climate
- 1 theory by marjita gimbutas, kurgan people who were nomadic herders, migrated for search of grasslands, usef domestic horses as weaposn, conquered much of europe and South Asia
- 2 theory colin renfrew lived before kurgans, diffused into europe and South Asia bc of agriculture not conquest, speakers became more numerous by growing food instead of hunting
dialect
- regional variation of lang dist. vocab, spelling and pronunciation
- speakers of one can understand others
- ## distr. of dialect documented through study of paricular words
isogloss
- boundary that seperates regions in which different lang usages predominate
- determined by collectingn data directly from people
- people shown pics to identify
dialects in us
- when people migrate, dialects develop
- settlements can be grouped into 3 dialect regions
- New England- settlers from england puritans
- southeastern- southeastern englnd, diversity of social backgrounds
- midlands- more diverse immigrants, early settlers of penn quakers from north england
- english dialects now spoken in us southeast and New England recongnizable, midland differs
- 3 east coast regions joined by 4th in west
- mass media influence adoption of same words
- pronunciationn more familar than word diffs.
- harder to draw precise isoglosses
- diffusion of engish dialects result of westward mvmt.
- northeast and south east unusal to majority of americans bc american west comes from midlands
dialects in uk
- english originated with 3 invading groups from north europe, angles in north jutes in southeast saxons in southwest
- all came from old english kentish in sotheast, west saxon southwest, mercian center of island, northiumbrian in north
- standard land of england in Received Pronunciation (RP0
- strong regional differeinces perisist in english dialect
standard lang
dialect that is well esablishedd and widely recognized as most acceptable for governemnt
british and american dialect
- earliest colonists most responsivle for dominant lang patterns that exxist today
- english land in us differennt than in elgnad bc of isolation
- english us differs from england in vocab spelling and pronunciation
vocab
- settlers in america encountered new things
spelling
us wanted to be independent
- noah webster was creater of first comprehensive americna dictionary and grammar books
- webster said spelling and grammar would establush national language, reduces dependence,
pronunciation
- pronunctiation has changed more in england than in us
romance branch dialects
- spanish and port.
- port. developed as seperate lang bc isolation
- 90% speaker of these 2 outside of europe in sentral and South America , port. in brazil and spanish in much of latin ameria
- diffused to americas by spanish and port. explorers
- division of central and South America into port. and span. speaking bc of pope alexander treaty of tordesilllas
dialect or language
- catalan ws once regraded as dialect of spniah, now separate romance lang
- galician whether dialect of port. or dist. lang
- moldovan generally classified as dilect of romanian, moldovan is off. lang of moldova
- moldovan written in cyrillic letter wheras romaninan is written in roman letters
Multiethnic state
Where two or more cultures live together example Belgian two different people into different languages multicultural and multilingual
-not all multicultural states are multilingual but most are
Belgium
- flemings Flemish Dutch north
- Walloons French south
- to language groups don’t like each other
- used to be able to control themselves antagonism
- they could split into two countries but they won’t
- two cultures me they are different they create conflict
Switzerland
- Government gives autonomy and freedom to four region
- German French Italian Romansh
- Switzerland is divided into four main linguistic regions
Isolated language
- language unrelated to any other therefore not attached to any language family
- isolated areas not much change example Japanese
- Japanese – no branches because it is an isolated island keeps to themselves
- ice land – Icelandic Island doesn’t change much
- both of these are islands they have isolation that is why they are isolated languages
Basque
- middle ages small tribal people group living only in Pyrenees Spanish and French isolated language comes from isolated people great nation without a state
- only language currently spoken in Europe that survives from the period before the arrival of Indo-European speakers
- isolation has helped them preserve their language
Gothic
- extinct language east and north you’re a part of the East Germanic branch which now does not exist
- extinct languages could come back if someone wanted to revive it
Latin
- not an extinct language although it is only spoken in the Catholic church by the pope
Extinct language
- some Native American languages
- A language that was once people in daily activities but no longer used
Hebrew
- revived language because of Jews
- changes in culture you have to make new words for stuff that was not in the past
- one of the biggest challenges with revived languages is creating new words
- when Israel was established as an independent country Hebrew became one of the countries two official languages along with Arabic because of the Jewish population in Israel
- Hebrew still used in Jewish prayers
Celtic
- endangered language mostly in Ireland
- Celtic branch of end up European was the major language in the British Isles before the three tribes invaded
- Welsh – Wells branch of UK,
- Irish – called Gallic Ireland, Irish Gaelic and English are the Ireland’s two official languages, revival being led by a young Irish who wish to distinguish themselves from the English
- at one point the Irish were for bidden to speak their own language in the presence of their English Masters children would be punished if they spoke Irish
Lingua franca
-language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
-language that is used for business or commerce
-example dad calls China they talk to him in English
- English, people in smaller countries need to learn English to participate in things
-other languages are Swahili in east Africa, Hindi in South Asia, Indonesian in Southeast Asia Russian in former su
- good way to learn about beliefs and traits and values of people living in other regions is to learn their language
- English might disappear as lingua Franca, and no other lang will replace it
- advances in tech enable peopl to continue speaking their native Lang while using computer and speech recognition devices to translate
-
Pigeon language
- form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca use for communications among speakers of two different languages
- simplified form of a lingua franca
- constructed by learning a few of the grammar rules and words of a lingua franca like English mixing in some elements of their own language
- pigeon language has no native speakers always spoken in addition to one’s native language
Denglish
Frangula
German and English
Spoken in Quebec
Spanish popularity in US
- popular in Texas Florida New Mexico Arizona California Nevada
- influenced in Florida more by Cuban Puerto Rican and Dominican
- in in West more Mexican influence
- other oddballs are you working in Illinois which speak Spanish because economics and family
- Family bigger because of chain migration people live longer distances for chain migration rather then economics
French influence in Canada
- two official languages English and French French mostly in Quebec
- French not used a lot in Canada but people make the choice to preserve it so they do what they can to preserve the language
- French would be a full culture in Canada because not diffused to all of Canada
Nigeria
Icelandic
- known as an unchanging language in the Germanic group
- because it is isolated island
Australia
- most widely used language is English because of British settlement
- adopted policies to preserve indigenous languages
- regards English as a tool for promoting cultural diversity
- 1% aboriginal
- every perspective Annegret required to learn English Old law called white Australia
New Zealand
- more than 10% Maori
- regards linguistic diversity as an important element of cultural diversity
- more strict than Australia must be fluent in English
- both countries do not get a lot of Asian immigrants
Occitan in France
most important linguistic difference is between North and South
-North French or Francian
-south Occitan
-
Sustainability of any language depends on what
Political and military strength of the speakers
Why did Celtic language decline
Because Celts lost most of the territory
EB LUL
Provide financial support for the preservation of several dozen indigenous regional and minority languages
Language of international communication
English
Dominance of English as an international language has done what
- facilitate the diffusion of pop culture and science and growth of international trade
Recent growth in use of English is an example of what
-this occurs in two ways
- Expansion diffusion spread of the trade through the snowballing effect of an idea rather than through the relocation of people
- English is changing through diffusion of new vocabulary spelling and pronunciation
- which words are fusing with other languages
How can the language remain vibrate
Usage must be coined to deal with new situations
For can American English
- African American English – distinctive direct when Africans were forced to move to the southern colonies as slaves
- dialect called African-American vernacular English
- also called Ebonics combination of ebony and phonics- classified as distinctive dialect
Appalachian English
-speaking at the latch in dialect is both pride and problems source of regional identity but has long been regarded by other Americans as a sign of poor education and an obstacle to obtaining employment also like African American English
Spanglish
- In Miami at large Cuban American community Spanglish sometimes called Cubonics combination of Cuban and phonetics
- like French Spanglish involves converting English words to Spanish forms
French-speaking Canada
- although French dominates over English Koback faces a fresh challenge of integrating a large number of immigrants from Europe Asia and Latin America who don’t speak French
- many immigrants would prefer to use English as their lingua franca
What other language is catching up to be the most important lingua franca
Manderin
