ch.2 population and health Flashcards
four major population clusters
- south east asia
- South Asia
- east asia
- europe
- North America can be called 5th
- core because of resources
where do more people live than in the rest of the world
east asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, and europe
India
-does not have money to import food
carogram
- map that shows size of country by population, not by land area
- distorts size of country to show population
most populated coountry
china
russia
largest by land area, but on cartogram map, russia is much smaller than china
japan
contains almost as many people as russia
east asia
- main populated countries are japan, china, and korea
- china in about 1.8 billion people
- popular because of cities and export based area
South Asia
- india 1.6 billion
- almost have all of worlds population in china and india
- other high population countries in South Asia are Sri Lanka, pakistan, and bangladesh
europe
- a more evenly distributed population
- has higher concentration of people living in urban city life
urban vs. rural
europe is urban city life population
- south, east, south east asia mostly rural and farmers
south east asia
- indonesia
- Indonesia contains 13, 677 islands, which all makes up the one Indonesia country
- issues are lack of resources, have capital city, but the biggest problem is communication
North America
could call it the 5th somewhat population clustered region
4 areas where people generally don’t live
- wetland
- dry land
- high lands
- cold land
ecuneme
permament human settlement
- doesnt include people who come and go or conduct research
- no ecuneme in antarctica
dry land
- can’t sustain life
- people don’t avoid hot areas because you can get water there, unlike dry land ( florida is hot, but there is still water)
- difference between hot and dry land is resource of water
- examples of dry land are deserts and egypt
- in egypt, the concentration is extremely high along the nile, no one lives anywhere else in egypt
- much of earths oil comes from dry land like Saudi Arabia
wetland
- too much water, humans can’t survive living in water
- difficult to sustain life
- ## cant grow things on water
cold land
- antarctica, cant sustain life
- too cold is biggest problem
high lands
- not enough oxygen to sustain life
- as you get higher, oxygen level decreases
- exception- people live in Central America, capital city of mexico, one of most densely populated areas in South America is the one exception for living in high lands
3 types of population density
arithemtic
physocoligcal
agricultural
- aproaches to describing distribuion of people
arithmetic density
- total population/ total land area
- not going to tell much except how many people live there
- answers the “where” question (where most people live)
- egypt- arithmetic density is 80 people per sq mile, not a lot
- japan on the otherhand in 1,000 per sq mile
- egypt has overpopulation problem even if statistics show it, the statistics can be misleading
- can be used to compare conditions in different countries because the total population and total land area are easy to obtain
physocological
- number of people supported by arable land
- total population/ arable land
- egypt- 2,296 people/ arable land, overpopulated because not enough resources for the amount of people
- if physcological density is high, most likely overpopulated
- provides insight into relationship between size od population and available resources in region
- compares population to resources
arable land
land that can be farmed
agricultural density
- ratio of number of farmers to arable land
- number gives us indicator if its a more developed or less developed country
- the two types of agriculture are commerical and substance agriculture
- high agricultural density is a ldc because need more farmers to farm the land
- low agric. density is mdc because they can run more efficiently with less farmers because of technology
- because of technology, plants grow faster in mdc than in ldc
- technology is the game changer, no tech, by hand, which is substance farming and takes more people and longer.
- measures economic efficiency of food production
substance agriculture
- farmers grow the food themselves and their family eat, and thats it, grow for yourself
- growing by hand
commercial agriculture
-farmer grows food, sells it
census
statistical count of population
-happens every decade and on the years that end in 0
two reasons that a census is controversial
nonparticaption
- homeless people, enthnic minorities, citizens without proper immigration papers less likely to complete census form
sampling
- statistic sampling can be helpful for more accurate count and identifying characteristics of people, housing and businesses
most populous cluster
east asia
- 1/4 of world
how do geographers unerstand relationships between populations and resources in country
- examine countrys physocoligcal nad agricultural densities together.
- ex. phy. density of both egypt and netherlands are high, but dutch had much lower agric. density than egyptians
- geos concllude that both dutch and egyptians but heavy pressure on land to produce food, but more efficient dutch system requires fewer farmers than egyptians system
CBR
- number of births per 1,000 people already alive in society
- if answer is %, not CBR unless it could be in percent form out of 1,000 like 120 could be 12%
- higher in ldc than in mdc
Why is CBR higher in ldc than in mdc
- don’t have access to birth control might be able to just taboos against them
- don’t have education – more education available to females less children they have
- Imr- infant mortality rate higher so they have more children. Woman could have eight children the only three may survive
- children can work help with substitutes farming in LDCs
CDR
- number of deaths per 1000 people in population
- higher in MDC because we have an older population
- revolves around aging population
NIR
- percentage of growth annually
- Global NIR percentage is 1.2% which means 84 million people per year added
- much of growth in less developed countries
- LDC keeps growing even if they don’t have the resources to provide
Doubling time
- amount of time it takes for a population to double
- The higher the NIR the time goes down vice versa
TFR
- number of births a woman will have in their childbearing years 15 to 49
- LDC have children earlier because they don’t live as long and might take two or three pregnancies to have a child that will actually survive
- MDC – don’t have children till later
- this is not a lifetime number
- hire in LDC also because of their lack of healthcare
IMR
- 0 to 1 number of babies born alive but die before age of one
- higher in LDC lower in MDC
Life expectancy
- Live longer in LDC shorter in MDC
Dependency ratio
- below 15 above 65
- people that cannot work or provide for themselves
- when in years that you can work you pay money in your check to go to your social security
- when older than 65 you get social security check every month
- older people stress government out because you have to care for them
- we are paying for the older people
- Younger than 15 stress government out because government provides a school for them
Sex ratio
- males per 100 females
- more females globally
- fortunes of China have policy that allows one child per family
- more guys in China
What do you MDC and LDC population pier mid look like
MDC are almost all the same or a little less older people
- LDC more children so looks like a pyramid
Naples Florida
Old people
Lawrence Kansas
More people in their 20s because University of Kansas so more college kids
Un Alaska Alaska
Lots of males middle age because middle military there
-if area is more mail and middle-age answer will mostly be a military base
Texas
Close to the Tex-Mex border so more younger children
Migration
-population change
Natural
Countries growth rate does not include immigration
Where is the population mostly growing where is it decreasing
Growing in Africa decreasing in Europe
What two explanations show the differences and growth rates
Fertality and mortality rates
Difference between CBR and TFR
- CBR provides pictures of society as a whole in a year
- TFR projects future of woman in the world of culture change
Population structure
Number of people in different age groups show a pattern
Population pyramid
Countries distinctive population structure is displayed on this bar graph. Shows percentage of total population in five year age groups
- length of bar represents percentage of total population contained in that group
- can show a communities distinctive distribution by age and gender
Demographic transition
- process of change in societies population from high birth and death rates and low rates of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates low rate of natural increase and higher total population
- Main concept is growth is development and this shows growth and development
- left of the chart is LDC right is MDC and middle is mostly LDC
- three characteristics are birth death and NI
- chart clothes in one linear direction no historical example of country going backwards
- change in a countries population
Four stages of demographic transition
Low growth
High growth
Decreasing growth
Low growth
First low growth
- very high birth and death rates produce virtually no long-term natural increase
- birth and death high but inconsistent
- if birth and death nearly equal NIR is low
- no more countries in first stage at least in second
- mostly hunters and gatherers nomads people constantly moving to find food
- agricultural revolution don’t have to hunt or move can grow yourself where you are
- this goes along with substance farming
High growth stage two
- stage one to stage two is because of industrial and medical revolution
- rapid declining death rates and very high birthrates produce very high natural increase
- Europe and North America entered this stage to as a result of the Industrial Revolution
- developing countries were pushed into stage two in the late 20th century because of medical revolution
- with the industrial resolution better sanitation water systems increase living standard and life expectancy and length of life is higher
- death rates in this stage declining because of industrial and medical revolution
- difference is that industrial revolution is old and medical revolution is partly new in the last 100 to 150 years
Industrial revolution
- series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
- began in the UK and if used to European continent and North America in the 19th century
- conjunction of the major improvements in manufacturing goods and delivering them to market
- result was in on Pres. did level of wealth some of which was used to make communities healthier places to live
Medical revolution
- medical technology invented in Europe and North America diffuse to the poor countries in Latin America Asia and Africa
- improved medical practices have limited many of the traditional causes of death in poor countries and enabled people to live longer and healthier lives
- not invention of or creation of new thing, it was the diffusion of that medical technology to other parts of the world didn’t have it
- *Not creation of but diffusion of
Decreasing growth stage III
- birthrates rapidly decline death rates continue to decline natural increase rates begin to moderate and decline
- Country moves from stage to stage III when the CBR begins to drop rapidly
- CDR continues to fall in stage three but at a much slower rate than in stage two
- pop continues to grow but the natural increase is much more modest in countries in stage III them in those in stage two because the gap between the CBR and CDR narrow
- enters stage III when people have fewer children
- shift from Wurbro to urban life because when people move into urban not enough space for more children
- birth rate falls rapidly
Economic changes and people in stage III
- economic changes in stage III societies also induces people to have fewer
- people in stage III are more likely to live in cities then in countryside and work in offices shops etc. rather than farm
- farmers have large families because of children can do chores
- urban families small and don’t have space for large families
Stage four low growth
- birth rate continues to fall death rate goes up lots of old people NIR continues to fall
- Country reaches stage for when CBR declines to a point where it equals the CDR and the NIR are approaches zero
- this is called zero population growth
ZPG
- Term often applied to stage for country
- decline of the total fertility rate to a point where the natural increase rate equals zero
- May occur when CPR is barely higher than CDR because some females die before reaching childbearing years
- population doesn’t grow because birth rate and death rate equal each other there is no growth
- TFR are approximately 2.1 produces ZPG
- Woman in stage for societies enter labor force don’t stay at home and have access to birth control methods
- example Denmark’s Pyramid shape shows young and elders nearly the same
Two strategies that have been successful in reducing birthrates
- Lower birthrates through education and healthcare
2. Lowering birth rates through contraception
Lowering birthrates through education and healthcare
- wealthier community has more money to spend on education and healthcare programs that promote lower birthrates
- more women can attend schools and gain economic control over their lives
- with education woman can make more informed reproductive choices
- with improved health care IMRs would decline
- with survival of more infants women more likely to choose to make more effective use of contraceptives to limit number of children
Lauren birth rates through contraception
- rapid diffusion of modern contraceptive methods
- in developing countries demand for contraceptive devices greater than available supply areas
- Best thing is to distribute more cheap and quick
- this is the best method for lowering birthrate
Examples of countries and contraceptives
- ideas can diffuse rapidly even with little education and little modern communications
- contraceptive use low in Africa so distributing them could have a strong impact
- many oppose birth control programs for religious and political
Malthus on overpopulation
- believed if population keeps increasing less amount of food for group of people
- 1798 he lived in UK when industrial revolution is going on in stage two so death is down and NIR is spiked
- his theory made sense where he was at that time but now is wrong
- UK also going through enclosure movement
- he thought as development grows growth rate grows
- he assumed a continuous spike in birth but NIR actually goes down in stage III
Two characteristics of recent population growth that to make Mathis thesis more frightening
- population growth and resources gap is wider in some countries than Mouthess anticipated
- world cop growth is taking away a wide variety of resources not just food. Billions of people are in desperate search for food water and energy in mathus’s theory
Malthus critics
- resource depletion-many don’t believe in Malthus believe because they are based on a believe that the world supply of resources will stay the same, rather than expanding
- population growth- larger pop could stimulate economic growth and produce more food. World has enough resources to eliminate global hunger and poverty if only these resources are shared equally
Malthus theory and reality
- wow population is growing food production is also growing
- many people cannot buy food but these are problems of distribution of wealth not insufficient global production of food like Malthus theorized
- population increased slower than Malthus thought
Japan’s declining population
- example of country that faces future pop decline
- pop pyramid expected to change from very high percentage of children to very high percentage of elderly people
- in US pop expected to grow through immigration not natural increase but Japan discourages immigration(not enough wealth)
- no immigration equals no workers, which makes woman work which lowers the birth rate and lowers the NIR in the future
Possible stage five decline
- countries that have passed through four stages have completed a cycle
- two crucial demographic differences lead to this process
1. Total pop of country is higher in stage for than and stage one
2. Beginning of democratic transition CBR’s and CD-R’s are high where as at the end rates are low - characterized by very low CBR and increasing the CDR a negative NIR
- examples are Japan and some European countries because CDr exceeds CBR and there is declination in population
For stage demographic transition characterized by what two breaks with the past
drop in death rate that comes from technological innovation
-sudden drop in birthrate that comes from changing social customs not yet achieved in most countries
China and India
- worlds to most populous countries will heavily influenced future prospects for global overpopulation
- Indian could surpass China as the world’s most populous country around 2030
China’s population policies
One child policy-1980 a couple needs a permit to have a child. Receive amenities if they have just one child. Man cannot marry till 22 and woman until 20. Receive free contraceptives and abortions and sterilization
-if family wants second child they pay a family planning
CBR declination
-CBR has declined since 1990 in all but a handful of countries
Education in stage four
- part of development is about giving rights and opportunities to woman
- Woman working,people are taking in their thoughts
- if you add woman to the competition it increases the competition adding a whole new group
- The birth rate is going down because kids would get in the way of a career
Elderly support ratio
- number of working age people divided by the number of people 65 and older.
- small number means few workers contribute to the support of older people
- with more elders than children, increased CDR
Overpopulation and climate
Overpopulated areas don’t have climate and enough arable space to grow food
-example Egypt can’t grow things in their area because of the desert like climate
Why Malthus was wrong
- NIR actually goes down in stage III
- we now have better seed example genetically modified seeds now grow more and there are high-yield seeds
- now we don’t have to plant in the ground we have hydroponics which support plants in hanging system that keeps them wet
- now we have technology
- we now preserve techniques
- we have pesticides and fertilizers
- there are organic natural pesticides like ladybugs- synthetic pesticides like sprays and cropduster’s
- in Malthus this time only had natural there wasn’t enough
- now we can make boatloads of synthetic pesticides
- used to have to raise cows in the grass fields but now we can use hormones to grow we don’t have the time
- we can now farm fish called aquaculture
- sturgeon – kill fish for eggs not meat
Neomalthusians
- people that believe Malthus could possibly be right because of small-scale isolated places
- example he could be right for an isolated area like India but not globally right
MDC taking resources away
- example USA uses food to feed animals when we could be feeding the world
- mDC’s take away the world resources and use them but don’t replace them
Green Revolution
- all the stuff we have talked about in this demographic transition
- all of the new technology that is been developed throughout the course of time
Stage 1 of the episiotomy transition
- famine and pestilince ( pests and bugs)
- no problem today really ( we use pesticides)
- Southeast Asia could go through this again if monsoon rain does not come on time( can’t grow food)
- these diseases called natural checks
Black Plague
- spread to basically all known world( 1/2 to 2/3 of world)
- in early times, we didn’t have medicine to stop it
- now we could stop it
- originated among Tartars in present day Kyrgyzstan
- defused from the coast to inland towns and then to rural
Stag 2 of epidemiological transition
- pandemics reducing and going away because of the improved medicine sanitation and nutrition during the Industrial Revolution
- did not decline immediately
- GIS helps to explain and battle stage two pandemics
- there are still some in other parts of world, like water contaminated
- ex. Cholera- (uncommon in rural areas )more for poor because poor people still use a public well
- still problem In some area
- cholera outbreaks mostly near equator
Pandemics-
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population
Stage 3 of epidemiological transition
- less infections, more human made diseases
- cancer, cardiovascular
- more of these types of diseases bc people live longer is stage 3, so these diseases start to come when more people are alive for longer
- life expectancy extended
- more chronic, genetic diseases
- Low cancer rates in LDCs high in MDC’s because of life expectancy range
Stage 4 of epidiomoligcal transition
- life expectancy gets longer
_ Low but increasing CDR - diseases like lung cancer bc of smoking
- lung cancer can occur not just by smoking and second hand smoking, can be genetic
- also liver damage bc of alcohol
- heart disease, heart attack
- type 1 diabetes
- these diseases aren’t in ldc of world ( idea of development)
- in this stage cancer spreads more slowly or removed altogether
- increase in obesity in stage four because of eating non-nutritious food and laziness
Stage 5 of epidiomoligcal transition
- infectious diseases come back ( back to stage 1) because moves through people, people move more quickly nowadays
- if disease breaks out, rest of the world is concerned( diffusion, increased connections
- evolution- killing everything else except viruses that can’t be killed, hey keep reproducing.
- there is that .1 that keeps reproducing (hand sanitizer)
- some viruses and diseases are becoming resistant to the antibiotics
- if you never get sick because keep getting vaccines. Your immune system never get stronger
- poverty – example tuberculosis high in LDC because of spread easier
Statistics
- healthcare is good indicator of development
- women also good indicator of development
Epidemiologic transition
-focuses on distinctive health threats in each stage of the demographic transition
Epidemiology
Branch of medical science concerned with the incidents distribution and control of diseases that are occurring among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality
Most lethal pandemic in recent years
Aids
- defused from Africa to other parts of the world because of relocation diffusion
- decline was because of diffusion of preventative methods which is an example of expansion diffusion
IMR
- annual number of deaths of infants under age one compared with total live births
- Per 1000
- reflects countries healthcare system
- five and developed countries 80 in Africa
Life expectancy
-at birth measures the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live based on current mortality levels social economic and medical conditions
Medical services
- MDC has more money to spend on better medical services unlike LDC
- most developed countries healthcare is public service and barely costs money
- LDCs pay more than half the cost of healthcare
- and exception is US a developed country where the individuals pay more than half of the healthcare
How many stages does epidemiological transition have of distinctive diseases
- has four stages of distinctive diseases but five stages all in all
- some stages both have the same diseases
Overpopulation
Too many people for the available resources
- isn’t an immediate threat to the world except in Africa
- size density or clustering of population in a region is not an indicator of overpopulation. Instead of overpopulation is the relationship between population and regions level of resources
- number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
Where was the 7 billion human born
India
The capacity of land to sustain life
-derives partly from characteristics of natural environment and partly from human actions to modify the environment through agriculture industry and exporting of raw materials
Why is the track toward overpopulation you irreversible in Africa
rapid pop growth has a lead to inability of land to sustain life and parts of the region. Land declines in quality. More people needed to you crops. Extends working day of women. Women then have more children for additional help but don’t realize that having more children increases the number of mouths to feed
Where is nearly all of the world natural increase concentrated in
Developing countries of Africa Asia and Latin America
Demography
-Scientific study of population characteristics
Relationship between epidemiological and demographic transition
Answer
Countries with the highest natural increase rate
Vice versas
- highest in Africa and South West Asia
- lowest in North America and Europe and Brazil and China
Highest CBR’s and lowest
- highest in Africa and Southwest Asia
- lowest in North America Europe China South America and Australia
Highest and lowest TFR
- highest in Africa and Southwest Asia
- lowest in North America South America Europe China and Australia
Crude death rate’s. Hi and low
- Combined CDR for all developing countries is actually lower than combined rate for all developing countries
- hire CDR in US then in Mexico And almost all of their Latin America countries Denmark higher than Cape Verde
Sex ratio high and low same
- more man in the East south west and south Asia
- more females in South America North America Europe
Infant mortality rate high and low
-hi Africa low Europe and South Pacific
Life expectancy hi and low
- Extended life expectancy in Europe North America and Australia
- short in Africa Russia and South Asia
Which countries are in stage one
Stage two
Stage III
Stage four
1-none
2-sub-Saharan Africa Nigeria Sierra Leone Cape Verde
3-East Asia Latin America middle east China Brazil Mexico Saudi Arabia Chile
4-Western Europe United Kingdom Denmark USA
Which countries are in stage five
Europe Russia Japan
Natural increase rate percentages
Ldc and most likely stage 2- 2.0 and above
Mdc and most likely stage 3 and 4 -0 to 0.9
Birth rate
LDC and most likely stage two-40 and above
MDC and most likely stage three and four – 10 to 19
Death rates
LDC and most likely stage 2–15 and above
MDC and most likely stage four or 3–5 to 9
-some countries like Russia Japan and Europe may have high CDR’s because they are in stage five
Remember most countries have not reached stage four yet and no more countries are in stage one so when choosing which stage a country is in you are usually between two and three unless it is Europe US or Japan
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