Chapter 7 Ethnicity And Race Flashcards
Race
- identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor
- The traits that characterize race those that can be transmitted genetically from parents to children
- distinguishes blacks and other persons of color from whites
- caucasian – unite descendants from Anglo-Saxons Irish Scandinavian German from migration chapter
- African Americans – slaves forced to come here
- Hispanic – lie next to race and ethnic city
- asian-American – Chinese
- can still have differences in ethnic cities to Hispanics can have two different cities
- The feature of race that matters to geographers is the color of skin
- distribution of people of color matters because it is the fundamental basis by which people in many societies sort out where they live attend school spend leisure etc.
Ethnicity
- identity with a group of people who share the same cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth
- culture
- identifies groups with distinct ancestery and cultural traditions like AAs Hispanic Americans Chinese-Americans Polish-Americans
- ethnicity between UK and US different but development not that different
- example UK does not celebrate Thanksgiving
- To fit in parts of your ethnicity will have to change
Distributions
- Hispanic – Southwest and Florida border with Mexico and connections
- african-American – south east pre-Civil War slave trade
- asian-Americans – Hawaii California closest possible
- ghetto – area of people of common culture well lived together
Racism racist
- racist – lumping everyone in the same bucket by race person who subscribes to beliefs of racism
- racism – belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race
Hispanic and Hispanic American
-turns US government chose to describe the group because they are inoffensive labels that can be applied to all people from Spanish-speaking countries
U.S. Census
- shows difficulty in distinguishing between ethnicity and race
- most of census categories relate to ethnicity because they are derived from places however also offers three race related categories – black white other race
- three most numerous us ethnicities- Asian American African-American Hispanic American
- these three display distinct cultural traditions that originate at particular hearths but are regarded in different ways
Asian-American
-asian-American as ethnicity and Asian as a race refer to same group of people and encompass Americans from many countries in Asia
African-American
- african-American as Estness city black as race and compass two different groups
- most black Americans descended from African immigrants therefore belong to African-American ethnicity
- some American blacks however trace cultural heritage to regions other than Africa
- term African-American identifies group with an extensive cultural tradition where as term black nothing more than dark skin
Hispanic
-Hispanic as of the city but not race so Hispanics identify with any race they wish
Mixed ancestry
Today many Americans are a mixed ancestry and may or may not choose to identify with a single race or ethnic city
-other Americans trace the heritage two places in Europe like Ireland and Italy that are not included in the two race and ethnic city census questions
Ethnic clustering state scale
- distribution of AAs and Hispanics especially noticeable at state level
- AAs85% in Detroit 7% in rest of Michigan, also clustered in Chicago
- distribution of Hispanics similar to AAs in large north cities
- example New York
- States with largest Hispanic population – California Texas distribution next
- two largest cities closest to Mexican border – in Texas El Paso and San Antonio – more than one half Hispanic
Ethnic clustering regional scale
- within US ethnicities clustered at both regional and cities and states scale
- Hispanic – Southwest Arizona New Mexico Texas California Florida New York near Mexican border and North cities
- AA – Southeast Alabama Georgia Louisiana Maryland South Carolina Mississippi rural south and north cities
- asian-Americans – West Hawaii California
Ethnic clustering urban scale
-AA and Hispanics in urban areas
-in early 20th century Midwest city’s attracted ethnic groups from south and east Europe to work in growing steel auto and related industries
-when Detroit’s auto production was expanding many of cities residents were immigrants and children of immigrants
-for descendants of European immigrants ethnic identity more likely to be retained through religion food and other cultural traditions rather than location of residence
-example clustering of restaurants in areas like little Italy and Greektown
-ethnic concentrations in US cities consist of AAs who emigrate from south or immigrants from Latin America and Asia
-Chicago extensive AAA neighborhood on south and west but also contains mix of neighborhoods by Europeans LA and Asian ethnicities
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Los Angeles
- contains large percentages of African-Americans Hispanics and Asian Americans
- clustered in different areas
- AAs in south central
- hispanics in East
- Asian Americans south and west
Distribution of US ethnicities
Three most numerous US ethnic cities have distinctive distributions at regional state and urban scales
Slavery
- African Americans
- System where one person owns another as a piece of property and can force that slave to work for the owners benefit
- first AAs brought to the American colonies as slaves arrived at Jamestown Virginia on a Dutch boat in 1619
- even after being banned in US many illegally imported
- widespread during the time of Roman Empire
- in middle ages replaced in Europe by feudal system – laborers working the land (serfs) bound to land not free to in the good elsewhere had to turn over portion of crops to board and provide other services
- slavery rare in Europe although responsible for diffusing practices to Western Hemisphere because owned large plantations in Americas and turn to slaves for labor
- The force to migration began when people living along the east and west coast of Africa take advantage of superior weapons and captured members of other groups living in land and sold captives to Europeans
- Spanish Portuguese British dots and French also joined in the slave trade
- middle passage – passage across Atlantic from Africa where many slaves died and discarded into Atlantic ocean
triangular trade route
- between US and Europe Africa Caribbean’s
- US products – cotton tobacco
- Caribbean products – Sugar rum molasses used more slaves then any othercountries
- ships left Europe for Africa with cloth and trade goods used to buy slaves
- then transported slaves and gold from Africa to Western Hemisphere primarily Caribbean islands
- same ships then carried sugar Rob molasses from Caribbean on return trip to. Europe
- some ships carry to molasses from Caribbean’s to north American colonies and rum from colonies to Europe
- US to Europe Raw materials rum lumber cotton fur
- Europe to Africa clothing man goods
- Africa to Caribbean’s slaves
- caribbean’s to Europe molasses
- caribbean’s to US slaves molasses
voluntary migration from Latin America and Asia
- these days most coming from Latin America and Asia for economic reasons
- after immigration laws were changed during 1960s and 70s population of Hispanics and Asian Americans in US increased
- initially most Hispanics and Asian Americans were recent immigrants in search for work but now most children of immigrants
- hispanics most in US African-American second most
- hispanics – Mexico and Puerto Rico
- asian-Americans – Chinese Indian Filipino Korean Vietnamese
interregional migration
- major migration of AAs was from south to north from rural to urban but mostly south to northern cities in factories
- I need that did live in South worked as sharecropping
- also moved from north to south because post civil war were whites for quick economic gain
- biggest to migration still opening of west
sharecropping-
mostly would not get paid anything but share of crops significant number stayed in South and did this because they did not have the money and the means to move out
- worked field to read by landowner and paid rent by turning over to landowner share of crops to obtain necessary things sharecropper gets line of credit from landowner and repays debt with more crops
- became less common as introduction of farm machinery and decline in land devoted to Cotton reduced demand for labor
- sharecroppers pushed off farms polled to north for jobs traveled by bus and car
early roads that have since been replaced by interstate highways
- East Coast – Carolinas South Atlantic to north eastern cities
- East Central Alabama to Detroit
- West central – Mississippi to St. Louis and Chicago
- Southwest – Texas to California
South African American migration in US
- migrated north to west into main waves
- 1st–19 tens and 20s before and after WW1
- 2nd–19 40s and 50s before and after World War II
- World wars stimulated expansion of factories. to make war material
intraregional migration
- ghettos first used in Jews forced to live
- ghettos dash cluster of same ethnicity all living together
- in US clusters of AAs
- people would move into inner cities (AAs) for jobs and a large cluster of same ethnicity would start
- when AAs first reached big cities clustered into ghettos
- moved from tight ghettos immediately close neighborhoods
- ghettos began to expand
plessy versus Ferguson
- court case
- started with Louisiana law that required a black-and-white passengers to ride separate railway cars
- in this case Supreme Court stated that Louisiana’s law was constitutional because it provided separate but equal treatment of blacks and whites
- Homer Plessy 1896 post Civil War
- at this time blacks had same rights as whites
- Homer was in a white car could be considered a white but arrested because he looked somewhat black
- this started the separate but equal activities
- this further began segregation laws and Jim Crow laws enacted by Southern states
