Chaptr 13

Question 1

Culture

Answer 1

Everything in that the people in a society have learned and share through traditions, pass on to children, and teach new members; this includes religion, beliefs, political ideologies, values, customs, foods, language, gender roles, sexuality, and many other aspects of every day life

Question 2

Values

Answer 2

ideas that a person or group believes to be right or wrong, good or bad, attractive or undesirable

Question 3

Attitudes

Answer 3

a group of ideas, values, beliefs, and feelings that predispose a person to react to a thing, a situation, another person, or group in a certain way

Question 4

Norms

Answer 4

internalized standards for behavior that support agreed-upon ways of doing things and what people expect of one another within a cultural group

Question 5

Folkways

Answer 5

The routine conventions of everyday life

Question 6

Mores

Answer 6

Norms that are central to the functioning society

Question 7

Organizational Culture

Answer 7

A set of shared values, norms, and assumptions that guide peoples’ behavior within a group, business or institution

Question 8

Individualism

Answer 8

The degree to which people prefer to act in their own, ambiguous or uncertain situations

Question 9

Collectivism

Answer 9

the degree to which people prefer to act as members of a group (rather than as individuals) in exchange for loyalty and the benefits of membership

Question 10

Masculinity/Femininity

Answer 10

the extent to which society values achieving (masculine) versus nurturing (feminine)

Question 11

Long-term orientation

Answer 11

refers to a greater concern for the future and for values such as thrift, perseverance and avoidance of shame

Question 12

short-term orientation

Answer 12

refers toa desire for gratification of personal needs, as well as a focus on tradition and meeting social obligations

Question 13

Gender Differentiation

Answer 13

the extent to which a society maximizes gender role differentiaon and how much status and decision making responsibility is given to women

Question 14

In-Group Collectivism

Answer 14

the extent to which members of a society take pride in being members of small groups within the society such as families, close circles of friends, teams, and the organizations in which they work

Question 15

Performance Orientation

Answer 15

The degree to which a society rewards group members for performance improvements and excellence

Question 16

Human Orientation

Answer 16

the degree to which a society encourages and rewards people for being fair, altruistic, generous, and kind to others

Question 17

Competing Values Framework

Answer 17

a model that shows how cultures can be measured along two axes; structure (stability versus flexibility) and focus (internal versus external)

Question 18

Clan Culture

Answer 18

a culture that has an internal focus and encourages flexibility

Question 19

Hierarchy Culture

Answer 19

a culture has an internal focus and encourages stability and control

Question 20

Adhocracy Culture

Answer 20

a culture that has an external focus and encourages stability and control

Question 21

Market Culture

Answer 21

a culture that has an external focus and encourages stability and control

Question 22

Strong Culture

Answer 22

A culture in which central values and norms are shared and strongly upheld by most members of the organization

Question 23

Weak Culture

Answer 23

A culture in which the values and norms are shared by a limited group of people and employees’ goals may not be in line with management’s goals

Question 24

Edgar Schien’s Levels of Culture

Answer 24

Observable Artifacts, Values and Attitudes, Basic Assumptions

Question 25

Observable Artifacts

Answer 25

Aspects of a culture that can be seen, heard, or experienced by an members: Dress Code, Language and Jargon, Interpersonal Relationships, Technology, Workspace, Ceremonies

Question 26

Values

Answer 26

Exposed and Enacted

Question 27

Exposed Values

Answer 27

explicit vallues that are preferred by an organization and communicated deliberately to the organization’s members

Question 28

Enacted Values

Answer 28

the values that are actually exhibited in an organization

Question 29

Basic Assumptions

Answer 29

deepest level, core beliefs, may be unaware of these

Question 30

Myths

Answer 30

Exaggerated stories that are told and retold to communicate values and to emphasize norms

Question 31

Hero

Answer 31

a legendary person who embodies the highest values of a culture

Question 32

Socialization

Answer 32

the process of teaching new members about a culture

Question 33

Taboos

Answer 33

Strong prohibitions against certain activities

Question 34

Sacred Symbols

Answer 34

things, people, and events that are untouchable, and unquestionable within a culture

Question 35

Ethnography

Answer 35

the systemic study of human culture

Question 36

Appreciative Inquiry

Answer 36

a process that explores people’s and the organizations strengths

Question 37

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

Answer 37

A federal commission created as part of the Civil Rights Act that handles complains of discrimination against organizations

Question 38

Equal Opportunity Laws

Answer 38

Federal regulations that ensure that organizations provide equal opportunities for all people

Question 39

Sexual Harassment

Answer 39

unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature such that submission to or rejection of this conduct explicitly or implicitly affects an individual’s employment, unreasonably interferes with an individual’s work performance, or creates an intimidating, hostile or offensive work environment