Chapters 9,10, & divorce Flashcards
Is the brain fully developed in adolescence?
NO
Do females or males brains develop sooner compared to males
females
Prefrontal cortex in adolescence
“judgment” region reins in intense emotions but doesn’t finish developing until at least emerging adulthood
Corpus callous in adolescence
nerve fibers connect the brains two hemispheres; they thicken in adolescence to process information more effectively
amygdala in adolescence
limbic system structure especially involved in emotion; this system is almost completely developed
Puberty
biological changes that develop a person into mature adults and prepare the body for sexual reproduction
What is causes earlier onset of puberty?
stress and weight
Is early or late timing of puberty more beneficial for boys?
early
Benefits of early onset puberty for boys
positive view of self, viewed by others as independent, mature, physically attractive, have more successful peer relationships, athletes, leaders
Long term effect of early onset puberty in boys
inflexible, conforming, and somewhat discontent adults
Late maturing in boys
Viewed as anxious, overly talkative, attention seeking, poorer body image which resolves after puberty
Long term effect of late maturing puberty in boys
stronger sense of identity in their 30s, more independent, flexible, and cognitively competent adults
Is early or late maturing more problematic for girls?
early
Early maturing in girls
high levels of depression, more likely to drink, smoke, suffer eating disorders, have older friends, engage in sexual relations earlier, less likely yo graduate from high school
Long term of late maturing in girls
well adjusted, regarded as attractive, lively, sociable
What are the 3 leading causes of death in adolescence
accidents, homicide, and suicide
Anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves
Bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder in which a person alternates between binge eating and purging
Piagets formal operational stage in adolescence
can easily perform mental operations on abstract concepts, logical and abstract thinking, hypothetical deductive reasoning
Imaginary audience in adolescence
feeling that everyone is watching me, its all about me; others are very concerned with what is happening to me
Personal fable in adolescence
I am highly special and unlike anyone else, that won’t happen to me, no-one understands my unique situation
Twenge’s research on the effects of social media
higher rates of depression and anxiety, mental health issues, more likely to feel lonely, not hanging out with friends, less dating, less likely to get enough sleep
in 2012, what percentage of Americans owned smart phones
50%
Erikson’s psychosocial stage: identity vs role confusion
who am I? relatively free from responsibility, able to try on new identities, experiment with different roles and personalities
components of identity development
career paths, political identity, religious identity, relationships, sexual identity, cultural identity, ethnic identity, physical identity, personality, interest, intellectual identity
Moratorium identity status
Ongoing and active exploration of alternatives to find values and goals that fit; no current commitment; may seem frustrated or confused, but they are actively addressing these issues
Identity achieved identity status
committed to a clearly formulated set of values and goals; have reached this stage after having passed through some exploration
foreclosure identity status
have accepted values and goals that someone else has chosen for them; no exploration occurred
diffusion identity status
do not have a firm commitment to values or goals; no exploring
MAMA cycle
cycle of going through moratorium to achieved
Identity achieved and moratorium identity status and psychological well being
higher self esteem, more abstract and critical thinking, more advanced moral reasoning
foreclosure and identity diffusion identity status and psychological well being
low self esteem
What percentage of first marriages end in divorce in the U.S?
40-50%
what is the average length of a marriage that ends in divorce?
7-8 years
If you graduate from college does your risk for divorce increase or decrease
decrease
what percent of children with divorced parents live with their mom?
75%
are divorce rates for remarriages higher or lower?
higher
what percentage of American children whose parents divorce will have a step family within 4 years?
50%
What factors impact the effects of parental divorce of children
conflict between parents, psychological well being of siblings, exposure to stress, attachment styles, father involvement, temperament, gender
Are boys or girls more affected by parental divorce?
boys
Reaction of preschool aged children to parental divorce
insecure, demanding, needy, regression, egocentric, blame themselves
What did a longitudinal study reveal abut preschool children after parental divorce
showed lower imaginary play, and lower social and cognitive abilities
reaction of school aged children to parental divorce
fantasize about parent, academic, behavioral and social issues, depression, rejection, loneliness, aggression
reaction of adolescence to parental divorce
academic and behavioral and social issues, delinquent behaviors, “grow up too fast”, anger, depression, more likely to drop out of school, and higher suicide attempts
What is the number one factor the influences Childs long term adjustment to parental divorce/
conflict between parents
what type of parenting styles do mothers revert to after divorce?
authoritarian
what type of parenting style do fathers revert to after divorce?
permissive
sleeper effect
girls bounce back after 1-2 years, show later signs of adjustment issues; girls with absent fathers due to divorce were more provocative and more sexually active
long term negative effects of divorce
less likely to get marries, higher divorce rates, less likely to have children, higher rates of anxiety and depression, lower levels of self esteem
long term positive effects of divorce
better coping skills, more empathetic, more sympathetic
divorce rates for remarriages are higher by what percent
60%
unique tasks involved in remarriages that involve children
define and strengthen marriage, renegotiate biological parent-child relationships
what are the three types of stepfamilies
stepfather, stepmother, blended/complex
children from which family have the most adjustment problems
blended or complex
children of divorced parents have the closest relationship with which parent?
the custodial parent
wallerstein’s research on divorce
studied 60-100 children in clinical interviews; resulted that divorce is a life transitioning experience with scars that linger to adulthood. it is a major trauma in a Childs life, affects the ability to love and be loved
Hetherington’s research on divorce
surveyed 1400 families. within two years of divorce, children are fundamentally well; divorce has little long lasting affects; only 25% have serious problems compared to 10% from intact families
Dopamine and the onset of puberty
dopamine levels increase during adolescence; can be linked to increased risk taking and use of addictive drugs
Nutrition and exercise during adolescence
obesity in adolescence is rising; exercise is declining
The use of screens correlates to adolescence being obese
Sleep patterns during adolescence
Less sleep equals more problems for adolescence; only 32% of adolescence get 8 or more hours of sleep each night
Development trends in identity status
identity formation neither begins nor ends during adolescence; in adolescence physical, cognitive, and socioemeitoinal development happen for the first time
