Chapter 3

Question 1

What is the Cephalocaudal pattern of growth?

Answer 1

The sequence is which the realist growth always occurs at the top (the head) with physical growth in size, weight, and gradually working from top to bottom

Question 2

What is the proximodistal pattern of growth?

Answer 2

The sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities

Question 3

What are the two significant things that happen during brain development?

Answer 3

Myelination and dendrite production

Question 4

What is myelination?

Answer 4

An axon becomes coated with fatty substance called myelin sheath. this helps the neuron fire faster, so messages can travel to and from the brain faster

Question 5

What occurs during dendrite production?

Answer 5

connections between neurons increase. 15,000 dendrites created each second for the first year of life. develop until around age 6 and then decrease from 6 to 14 years old

Question 6

Newborn sleep patterns

Answer 6

sleep 16-17 hours a day. by 6 months they can sleep throughout the night. infants spend about half their time in REM sleep

Question 7

What is SIDS

Answer 7

Occurs when an infant stops breathing at night. there is no cause, it is the most common cause of infant death in the U.S.

Question 8

What are some correlations of SIDS?

Answer 8

Sleeping on the side or stomach, exposure to second hand smoke, formula, low birth weight, no pacifier when sleeping, African American and Eskimo decent

Question 9

Breast milk vs formula

Answer 9

Breast milk is better for the baby: appropriate weight gain, reduced risk of child and adult obesity, fewer gastrointestinal infections, fewer lower respiratory and tract infections, increased intelligence. Does not protect against allergic sanitations

Question 10

Vision in newborns

Answer 10

Newborns estimated 20/600 vision. by 6 months, 20/40. by 4 weeks they can discriminate color

Question 11

Visual cliff experiment

Answer 11

Gibson and Walk (1960). Had a fake cliff. At 3 months, babies heart rate increased when on deep side and by 6 months, the babies would avoid the deep side

Question 12

Hearing in newborns

Answer 12

Sensitive to human voices, especially caregiver. Cannot hear soft sounds until around 3 months of age. Reach adult level hearing around 5-10 years old

Question 13

Smell in newborns

Answer 13

different odors and preferences

Question 14

Taste in newborns

Answer 14

Sensitive to taste possible before birth. At 4 months old, prefer salty taste

Question 15

Piaget’s sensorimotor stage

Answer 15

Birth to 2 years; use of senses and motor actions to investigate and understand their surroundings

Question 16

Object permanence

Answer 16

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be soon, heard, or touched. Develops around 3-4 months

Question 17

A-not-B error

Answer 17

Babies tend to reach where an object was located earlier rather than where the object was last hidden

Question 18

Bowlby’s theory of attachment

Answer 18

All babies have an innate need for safety and security. all babies will form an attachment. the type of attachment depends on the quality of the caregiving

Question 19

Kewpie doll effect

Answer 19

Humans are naturally attracted to younger faces

Question 20

Still-face experiment

Answer 20

mothers had a ‘still face’ when interacting with their baby, and the baby would get upset and try to get a reaction out of her

Question 21

Harlows experiment

Answer 21

Food vs Contact comfort. Isolated monkeys from their mothers and offered monkeys wire mother with food, and cloth mother with no food. Monkeys preferred the cloth mother when scared

Question 22

Ainsworth’s strange situation

Answer 22

Had parents leave their kid with a stranger to show the type of attachment the kid has to mom

Question 23

Secure attachment

Answer 23

Positive emotions with mom, show distress at separations and with strangers, uses mom as security base

Question 24

Resistant attachment

Answer 24

Clingy and angry; can’t be readily comforted by mom; little exploration and stays close to mom

Question 25

avoidant attachment

Answer 25

no signs of strep with separation; avoid/ignore contact with mom; most likely to socialize with a stranger

Question 26

disorganized/disoriented

Answer 26

Most insecure/most severe; confusion, fear, slow movements, depressed, combination of resistant and avoidant

Question 27

Infantile amnesia

Answer 27

Inability to remember anything from first three years of life

Question 28

Internal working model for secure attachment

Answer 28

I am lovable; I can trust and rely on others

Question 29

Internal working model for resistant attachment

Answer 29

Im anxious and angry; others are unpredictable; I don’t know if anyone will take care of me

Question 30

Internal working model for avoidant attachment

Answer 30

I have to protect myself; others are unavailable and rejecting me

Question 31

Internal working model of disorganized/ disoriented attachment

Answer 31

My caregiver is overwhelmed by me and very angry with me; I don’t know how to protect myself; other people are abusive

Question 32

Social referencing

Answer 32

Reading emotional cues in others to gain information for self; become better at this after age 2

Question 33

when does stranger anxiety appear and when does it peak

Answer 33

usually appear at 6 months of age and peaks after 2 years old

Question 34

When does separation anxiety peak

Answer 34

15 months old

Question 35

language development

Answer 35

Babbling and gestures, recognizing and learning sounds, first words, two-word utterances

Question 36

Vocabulary spurt

Answer 36

A rapid increase in vocabulary around 18 months old

Question 37

Telegraphic speech

Answer 37

The use of short and precise words without grammatical markers

Question 38

LAD

Answer 38

language acquisition device; a biological endowment enabling the child to detect the features and roles of language

Question 39

Effective ways to facilitate children language development

Answer 39

Initiate conversations with the baby, talk in a slow pace, look and gesture and name what your looking at, be simple, concrete and repetitive, play games, remember to listen, and expand and elaborate language abilities and horizons