Chapter 3 Flashcards
What is the Cephalocaudal pattern of growth?
The sequence is which the realist growth always occurs at the top (the head) with physical growth in size, weight, and gradually working from top to bottom
What is the proximodistal pattern of growth?
The sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities
What are the two significant things that happen during brain development?
Myelination and dendrite production
What is myelination?
An axon becomes coated with fatty substance called myelin sheath. this helps the neuron fire faster, so messages can travel to and from the brain faster
What occurs during dendrite production?
connections between neurons increase. 15,000 dendrites created each second for the first year of life. develop until around age 6 and then decrease from 6 to 14 years old
Newborn sleep patterns
sleep 16-17 hours a day. by 6 months they can sleep throughout the night. infants spend about half their time in REM sleep
What is SIDS
Occurs when an infant stops breathing at night. there is no cause, it is the most common cause of infant death in the U.S.
What are some correlations of SIDS?
Sleeping on the side or stomach, exposure to second hand smoke, formula, low birth weight, no pacifier when sleeping, African American and Eskimo decent
Breast milk vs formula
Breast milk is better for the baby: appropriate weight gain, reduced risk of child and adult obesity, fewer gastrointestinal infections, fewer lower respiratory and tract infections, increased intelligence. Does not protect against allergic sanitations
Vision in newborns
Newborns estimated 20/600 vision. by 6 months, 20/40. by 4 weeks they can discriminate color
Visual cliff experiment
Gibson and Walk (1960). Had a fake cliff. At 3 months, babies heart rate increased when on deep side and by 6 months, the babies would avoid the deep side
Hearing in newborns
Sensitive to human voices, especially caregiver. Cannot hear soft sounds until around 3 months of age. Reach adult level hearing around 5-10 years old
Smell in newborns
different odors and preferences
Taste in newborns
Sensitive to taste possible before birth. At 4 months old, prefer salty taste
Piaget’s sensorimotor stage
Birth to 2 years; use of senses and motor actions to investigate and understand their surroundings
Object permanence
Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be soon, heard, or touched. Develops around 3-4 months
A-not-B error
Babies tend to reach where an object was located earlier rather than where the object was last hidden
Bowlby’s theory of attachment
All babies have an innate need for safety and security. all babies will form an attachment. the type of attachment depends on the quality of the caregiving
Kewpie doll effect
Humans are naturally attracted to younger faces
Still-face experiment
mothers had a ‘still face’ when interacting with their baby, and the baby would get upset and try to get a reaction out of her
Harlows experiment
Food vs Contact comfort. Isolated monkeys from their mothers and offered monkeys wire mother with food, and cloth mother with no food. Monkeys preferred the cloth mother when scared
Ainsworth’s strange situation
Had parents leave their kid with a stranger to show the type of attachment the kid has to mom
Secure attachment
Positive emotions with mom, show distress at separations and with strangers, uses mom as security base
Resistant attachment
Clingy and angry; can’t be readily comforted by mom; little exploration and stays close to mom
avoidant attachment
no signs of strep with separation; avoid/ignore contact with mom; most likely to socialize with a stranger
disorganized/disoriented
Most insecure/most severe; confusion, fear, slow movements, depressed, combination of resistant and avoidant
Infantile amnesia
Inability to remember anything from first three years of life
Internal working model for secure attachment
I am lovable; I can trust and rely on others
Internal working model for resistant attachment
Im anxious and angry; others are unpredictable; I don’t know if anyone will take care of me
Internal working model for avoidant attachment
I have to protect myself; others are unavailable and rejecting me
Internal working model of disorganized/ disoriented attachment
My caregiver is overwhelmed by me and very angry with me; I don’t know how to protect myself; other people are abusive
Social referencing
Reading emotional cues in others to gain information for self; become better at this after age 2
when does stranger anxiety appear and when does it peak
usually appear at 6 months of age and peaks after 2 years old
When does separation anxiety peak
15 months old
language development
Babbling and gestures, recognizing and learning sounds, first words, two-word utterances
Vocabulary spurt
A rapid increase in vocabulary around 18 months old
Telegraphic speech
The use of short and precise words without grammatical markers
LAD
language acquisition device; a biological endowment enabling the child to detect the features and roles of language
Effective ways to facilitate children language development
Initiate conversations with the baby, talk in a slow pace, look and gesture and name what your looking at, be simple, concrete and repetitive, play games, remember to listen, and expand and elaborate language abilities and horizons
