Chapter 5&6 Flashcards
Brain development in early childhood
- Myelination and dendrite production continues
- brain pathways become more organized
- most rapid growth in prefrontal cortex
Gross motor skills vs fine motor skills
Gross motor skills are large muscle movements and fine motor skills are fine muscle movements
Nutrition and exercise in toddlers
- Most have bad nutrition
- lack of fruit and veggies (most eat French fries)
- 6 out 7 kids eat more than the recommended amount of fat
What percent of 2 year olds are obese?
8-9%
Ways to promote healthy eating in children
- model good eating behavior
- eat meals together on a consistent schedule
- don’t offer food as a reward or punishment
- offer healthy foods
how much exercise should preschool aged children get per day?
about 3 hours per day
what is the most likely causes of death in young children
exposure to smoke, accidents, and cancer
Piagets pre-operational stage
the child begins to mentally represent; confuses cause and effect; unable to decenter thinking
Egocentrism
- its all about me
- inabilty to distinguish between ones own perspective and someone else perspective
Around what age do children show signs of perspective taking?
6-7 years old
3 mountain task
children were shown different views of looking at a mountain and were not able to understand what someone else might see from their perspective
conservation
understanding that altering an objects appearance does not change its basic property
centration
focusing on only one aspect of something
decentration
ability to focus on multiple aspects of situations simultaneously
Appearance- reality distinction
ability to understand that what you see isn’t always real
reversibility
ability to recognize that things can be changed and returned to their original condition
Around what age to children show signs of reversibility
8
Animism
Give human characteristics to inanimate objects
False beliefs
Beliefs that aren’t true (Sally-Ann false belief test)
Children develop false beliefs around what age?
4
theory of mind
awareness of one’s own mental processes and mental processes of others
Vygotskys theory on teaching
children use language to plan, guide, and monitor their behavior. they use if for self regulation
Teaching strategies based on vygotskys theory
assess the child, use the Childs ZPD, use more skilled peers as teachers, monitor and engage children use of private speech, place instruction in a meaningful context
ZPD
(zone of proximal development) per for tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone, but can be mastered with assistance
Information processing: Planfulness. when children were asked to judge if pairs of houses were similar or different, how did preschoolers and elementary aged children respond?
Preschoolers: used haphazard strategy to make the decision before examining the details
Elementary: used exhaustive search strategy; more accurate decision
Salient vs relevant dimensions
preschool children are likely to pay attention to stimuli that stand out (salient) even if they aren’t relevant to the problem
Short term memory
“working memory”
a system that provides temporary storage and manipulation of information
Long term memory
Information stored over time
what is socialization?
Learning the beliefs, values and behaviors considered appropriate by their society
Social role theory and gender
gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women
Psychoanalytic theory of gender
the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite sex parent
Social cognitive theory of gender
children gender development occurs through observation and imitation of what other people say and do, and through being rewarded and punished for gender appropriate and gender inappropriate behavior
Parent influences on gender
Mothers socialization strategies vs fathers socialization strategies
Authoritative parenting style and outcomes
High acceptance/responsiveness and high control
outcomes: high self esteem, popular with peers, low antisocial behavior, high academic competence
Authoritarian parenting style and outcomes
High control, low acceptance and responsiveness
outcomes: unfriendly, unhappy, low self-confidence, boys are more aggressive and girls are more dependent/clingy
Indulgent/ permissive parenting style and outcomes
high acceptance/ responsiveness and low control
outcomes: low school achievement, lack of self control, impulsive, misconduct, insecure
neglectful parenting style and outcomes
Low acceptance/responsiveness and low control
insecure attachment, antisocial behavior, internalizing problems, risky behavior, effects worsen over adolescence
Piagets premolar period in his theory of moral development
- birth to 4 year
- little to no awareness or concern for rules
Piagets heteronomous morality period in his theory of moral development
- 4-7 years old
- rules are sacred and unchangeable
- immanent justice: every wrongdoing is followed by a punishment
What ages are in transition in moral development and show both heteronomous and autonomous understanding?
ages 7-10
scaffolding
a process in which teachers model or demonstrate how to solve a problem, and then step back, offering support as needed.
