Chapter 5&6

Question 1

Brain development in early childhood

Answer 1

• Myelination and dendrite production continues
• brain pathways become more organized
• most rapid growth in prefrontal cortex

Question 2

Gross motor skills vs fine motor skills

Answer 2

Gross motor skills are large muscle movements and fine motor skills are fine muscle movements

Question 3

Nutrition and exercise in toddlers

Answer 3

• Most have bad nutrition
• lack of fruit and veggies (most eat French fries)
• 6 out 7 kids eat more than the recommended amount of fat

Question 4

What percent of 2 year olds are obese?

Answer 4

8-9%

Question 5

Ways to promote healthy eating in children

Answer 5

• model good eating behavior
• eat meals together on a consistent schedule
• don’t offer food as a reward or punishment
• offer healthy foods

Question 6

how much exercise should preschool aged children get per day?

Answer 6

about 3 hours per day

Question 7

what is the most likely causes of death in young children

Answer 7

exposure to smoke, accidents, and cancer

Question 8

Piagets pre-operational stage

Answer 8

the child begins to mentally represent; confuses cause and effect; unable to decenter thinking

Question 9

Egocentrism

Answer 9

• its all about me

- inabilty to distinguish between ones own perspective and someone else perspective

Question 10

Around what age do children show signs of perspective taking?

Answer 10

6-7 years old

Question 11

3 mountain task

Answer 11

children were shown different views of looking at a mountain and were not able to understand what someone else might see from their perspective

Question 12

conservation

Answer 12

understanding that altering an objects appearance does not change its basic property

Question 13

centration

Answer 13

focusing on only one aspect of something

Question 14

decentration

Answer 14

ability to focus on multiple aspects of situations simultaneously

Question 15

Appearance- reality distinction

Answer 15

ability to understand that what you see isn’t always real

Question 16

reversibility

Answer 16

ability to recognize that things can be changed and returned to their original condition

Question 17

Around what age to children show signs of reversibility

Answer 17

8

Question 18

Animism

Answer 18

Give human characteristics to inanimate objects

Question 19

False beliefs

Answer 19

Beliefs that aren’t true (Sally-Ann false belief test)

Question 20

Children develop false beliefs around what age?

Answer 20

4

Question 21

theory of mind

Answer 21

awareness of one’s own mental processes and mental processes of others

Question 22

Vygotskys theory on teaching

Answer 22

children use language to plan, guide, and monitor their behavior. they use if for self regulation

Question 23

Teaching strategies based on vygotskys theory

Answer 23

assess the child, use the Childs ZPD, use more skilled peers as teachers, monitor and engage children use of private speech, place instruction in a meaningful context

Question 24

ZPD

Answer 24

(zone of proximal development) per for tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone, but can be mastered with assistance

Question 25

Information processing: Planfulness. when children were asked to judge if pairs of houses were similar or different, how did preschoolers and elementary aged children respond?

Answer 25

Preschoolers: used haphazard strategy to make the decision before examining the details
Elementary: used exhaustive search strategy; more accurate decision

Question 26

Salient vs relevant dimensions

Answer 26

preschool children are likely to pay attention to stimuli that stand out (salient) even if they aren’t relevant to the problem

Question 27

Short term memory

Answer 27

“working memory”

a system that provides temporary storage and manipulation of information

Question 28

Long term memory

Answer 28

Information stored over time

Question 29

what is socialization?

Answer 29

Learning the beliefs, values and behaviors considered appropriate by their society

Question 30

Social role theory and gender

Answer 30

gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women

Question 31

Psychoanalytic theory of gender

Answer 31

the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite sex parent

Question 32

Social cognitive theory of gender

Answer 32

children gender development occurs through observation and imitation of what other people say and do, and through being rewarded and punished for gender appropriate and gender inappropriate behavior

Question 33

Parent influences on gender

Answer 33

Mothers socialization strategies vs fathers socialization strategies

Question 34

Authoritative parenting style and outcomes

Answer 34

High acceptance/responsiveness and high control

outcomes: high self esteem, popular with peers, low antisocial behavior, high academic competence

Question 35

Authoritarian parenting style and outcomes

Answer 35

High control, low acceptance and responsiveness

outcomes: unfriendly, unhappy, low self-confidence, boys are more aggressive and girls are more dependent/clingy

Question 36

Indulgent/ permissive parenting style and outcomes

Answer 36

high acceptance/ responsiveness and low control

outcomes: low school achievement, lack of self control, impulsive, misconduct, insecure

Question 37

neglectful parenting style and outcomes

Answer 37

Low acceptance/responsiveness and low control

insecure attachment, antisocial behavior, internalizing problems, risky behavior, effects worsen over adolescence

Question 38

Piagets premolar period in his theory of moral development

Answer 38

• birth to 4 year

- little to no awareness or concern for rules

Question 39

Piagets heteronomous morality period in his theory of moral development

Answer 39

• 4-7 years old
• rules are sacred and unchangeable
• immanent justice: every wrongdoing is followed by a punishment

Question 40

What ages are in transition in moral development and show both heteronomous and autonomous understanding?

Answer 40

ages 7-10

Question 41

scaffolding

Answer 41

a process in which teachers model or demonstrate how to solve a problem, and then step back, offering support as needed.