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Human Development > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the life expectancy overall for people living in the US?

A

78.7 years

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2
Q

What is the life expectancy for males?

A

76.6

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3
Q

What is the life expectancy for females?

A

81.3

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of life-span development?

A

development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, developmental science is multidisciplinary, contextual, involves growth, maintenance, regulation of off, and is a co-construction of biology, culture, and the individual

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5
Q

What is the biological process of development?

A

Changes in an individuals, physical nature

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6
Q

What is the cognitive process of development?

A

changes in an individuals thought, intelligence, and language

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7
Q

what is the socio-emtional process of development?

A

changes in an individuals relationships with other people, emotions and personality

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8
Q

Nature vs nurture

A

the debate about the extent to which development is influenced by nature and nurture. nature refers to an organisms biological inheritance, nurture to its environmental experiences

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9
Q

stability vs change

A

the debate about the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change

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10
Q

continuity vs discontinuity

A

the debate about the extent to which development involved gradual, cumulative change, or distinct changes

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11
Q

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory

A

Development is a result of unconscious process. there are 5 psychosexual stages, and each stage identifies a different body part utilized to release sexual tension. personality is determined by the way we resolve conflicts at these stages. early childhood experiences are very important

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12
Q

Erikson’s psychoanalytic theory

A

He stressed that development was a lifelong process. identified by 8 psychosocial stages we all go through. we go through a crisis in each stage and how we react and handle the crisis effects the next stage

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13
Q

Piagets cognitive theory

A

Children actively construct their understanding of the world. there are 4 stages of cognitive development. discontinuous development: each stage consists of a different way of thinking and understanding

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14
Q

Vygotsky’s cognitive theory

A

children actively construct their knowledge, development is continuous, and he emphasized the role of social interaction and culture

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15
Q

Information processing theory

A

individuals manipulate, monitor, and strategize information. information is not stage like, but continuous, gradual increasing capacity for processing information

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16
Q

Skinner’s theory

A

operant conditioning. all behaviors are caused by the consequences of the behavior. anything that is a reinforcement will increase the behavior,. punishment will decrease the behavior

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17
Q

Classical conditioning

A

learning occurs through association

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18
Q

Banduras social learning theory

A

We learn through observation and imitation. Bandura did the Bobo doll experiment

19
Q

Social cognitive learning theory

A

learning and development involve three elements that are reciprocal: behavior, environmental, and person/cognition

20
Q

Lorenz’s theory

A

Behavior is strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, and characterized by critical or sensitive periods

21
Q

Bronfenbrenner’s theory

A

Children development is influenced by environmental factors

22
Q

What is the microsystem?

A

Everyday environment: family, friends, school

23
Q

What is the mesosystem?

A

Connections/interactions between aspects of the microsystem

24
Q

What is the exosystem?

A

social institutions/indirect environments

25
Q

what is the macrosystem?

A

Larger cultural influences

26
Q

what is the chronosystem?

A

the timing of all the systems

27
Q

Eclectic theoretical orientation

A

combination of all the developmental theories is needed to understand and explain development

28
Q

What is a sample?

A

the actual participants in a study

29
Q

Who is the population in a study?

A

the larger cluster of people the researcher wants to learn about and generalize the results to

30
Q

What is naturalistic observation?

A

observation of people in their normal, everyday surroundings

31
Q

What is a case study?

A

An in depth investigation involving one individual

32
Q

What is correlational research?

A

Correlational research shows relationship, not cause and effect

33
Q

What is experimental research?

A

Experimental research examines how one variable causes another variable to chance

34
Q

How do you interpret a correlation coefficient

A

if the number is closer to 1, it is a stronger relationship

35
Q

What is a positive correlation?

A

When one factor increases, other factor increases

36
Q

What is a negative correlation?

A

when one factor increases, other factor goes down

37
Q

Who receives the treatment in an experiment?

A

experimental group

38
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

the manipulated variable

39
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

the variable measured and expected to change as a result of manipulation

40
Q

what is the control group?

A

a comparison group that is as much like the experimental group as possible, and treated in every way like the experimental group, except for the manipulated factor

41
Q

what is cross sectional research?

A

when individuals of different ages are compared at one time

42
Q

what is longitudinal research??

A

same individuals studied over a long period of time

43
Q

What is sequential research?

A

combination of cross sectional and longitudinal. a number of different age group are measured at several points in time

Human Development (10 decks)

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