Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is the life expectancy overall for people living in the US?
78.7 years
What is the life expectancy for males?
76.6
What is the life expectancy for females?
81.3
What are the characteristics of life-span development?
development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, developmental science is multidisciplinary, contextual, involves growth, maintenance, regulation of off, and is a co-construction of biology, culture, and the individual
What is the biological process of development?
Changes in an individuals, physical nature
What is the cognitive process of development?
changes in an individuals thought, intelligence, and language
what is the socio-emtional process of development?
changes in an individuals relationships with other people, emotions and personality
Nature vs nurture
the debate about the extent to which development is influenced by nature and nurture. nature refers to an organisms biological inheritance, nurture to its environmental experiences
stability vs change
the debate about the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change
continuity vs discontinuity
the debate about the extent to which development involved gradual, cumulative change, or distinct changes
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
Development is a result of unconscious process. there are 5 psychosexual stages, and each stage identifies a different body part utilized to release sexual tension. personality is determined by the way we resolve conflicts at these stages. early childhood experiences are very important
Erikson’s psychoanalytic theory
He stressed that development was a lifelong process. identified by 8 psychosocial stages we all go through. we go through a crisis in each stage and how we react and handle the crisis effects the next stage
Piagets cognitive theory
Children actively construct their understanding of the world. there are 4 stages of cognitive development. discontinuous development: each stage consists of a different way of thinking and understanding
Vygotsky’s cognitive theory
children actively construct their knowledge, development is continuous, and he emphasized the role of social interaction and culture
Information processing theory
individuals manipulate, monitor, and strategize information. information is not stage like, but continuous, gradual increasing capacity for processing information
Skinner’s theory
operant conditioning. all behaviors are caused by the consequences of the behavior. anything that is a reinforcement will increase the behavior,. punishment will decrease the behavior
Classical conditioning
learning occurs through association
Banduras social learning theory
We learn through observation and imitation. Bandura did the Bobo doll experiment
Social cognitive learning theory
learning and development involve three elements that are reciprocal: behavior, environmental, and person/cognition
Lorenz’s theory
Behavior is strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, and characterized by critical or sensitive periods
Bronfenbrenner’s theory
Children development is influenced by environmental factors
What is the microsystem?
Everyday environment: family, friends, school
What is the mesosystem?
Connections/interactions between aspects of the microsystem
What is the exosystem?
social institutions/indirect environments
what is the macrosystem?
Larger cultural influences
what is the chronosystem?
the timing of all the systems
Eclectic theoretical orientation
combination of all the developmental theories is needed to understand and explain development
What is a sample?
the actual participants in a study
Who is the population in a study?
the larger cluster of people the researcher wants to learn about and generalize the results to
What is naturalistic observation?
observation of people in their normal, everyday surroundings
What is a case study?
An in depth investigation involving one individual
What is correlational research?
Correlational research shows relationship, not cause and effect
What is experimental research?
Experimental research examines how one variable causes another variable to chance
How do you interpret a correlation coefficient
if the number is closer to 1, it is a stronger relationship
What is a positive correlation?
When one factor increases, other factor increases
What is a negative correlation?
when one factor increases, other factor goes down
Who receives the treatment in an experiment?
experimental group
What is the independent variable?
the manipulated variable
What is the dependent variable?
the variable measured and expected to change as a result of manipulation
what is the control group?
a comparison group that is as much like the experimental group as possible, and treated in every way like the experimental group, except for the manipulated factor
what is cross sectional research?
when individuals of different ages are compared at one time
what is longitudinal research??
same individuals studied over a long period of time
What is sequential research?
combination of cross sectional and longitudinal. a number of different age group are measured at several points in time
