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Human Development > Chapters 7 & 8 > Flashcards

Chapters 7 & 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Physical growth in middle to late childhood

A
  • slow and steady growth

- skinniest and healthiest time of your life

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2
Q

Whats the average height gain in middle - late childhood?

A

2-3inches per year

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3
Q

What is the average weight gain for middle to late childhood?

A

5-7 pounds a year

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4
Q

Brain development in middle to late childhood

A
  • total brain volume stabilizes by the end of late childhood, but changes in various regions and structures
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5
Q

Motor skills in middle/late childhood

A

Fine and gross motor skills smoother and more coordinated

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6
Q

Information processing model of memory

A

input - sensory memory - short term memory - retrieval - long term memory

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7
Q

When children asked to judge if houses were similar, how did preschoolers solve the problem?

A

Preschoolers used haphazard strategy; making decisions before examining details

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8
Q

When children asked to judge if houses were similar, how did elementary school aged children solve the problem?

A

Elementary school aged children used exhaustive search strategy for more accurate results

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9
Q

What is short term memory capacity

A

a number of randomly presented items a person can remember with no delay

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10
Q

What is 4-5 year olds short term memory capacity?

A

4 items

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11
Q

what is 7 year olds memory capacity?

A

5 items

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12
Q

what are 10 year olds memory capacity?

A

6 items

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13
Q

What are adults memory capacity?

A

7 plus or minus 2 items

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14
Q

What is control processes

A

strategies used to take information from short term memory

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15
Q

what is maintenance rehearsal

A

repeating information to self as a way to learn

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16
Q

What age does maintenance rehearsal develop?

A

6-8 years old

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17
Q

When does organization develop

A

8-10 years old

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18
Q

What is elaboration

A

relating incoming information to something that is already meaningful to you

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19
Q

When does elaboration develop?

A

10-13 years old

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20
Q

Mnemonics

A

memory dividing strategies

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21
Q

keyword method

A

visually link pronunciation of a foreign word to English translation

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22
Q

Self esteem

A

an individuals overall and specific positive and negative self evaluation; the value of worth people attach to themselves

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23
Q

Peer status: rejected child

A

infrequently nominated as best friend; actively disliked by peers

24
Q

Peer status: popular child

A

children who are well liked by their peers

25
Q

Peer status: withdrawn

A

actively rejected because of their withdrawn, anxious, behavior

26
Q

peer status: neglected child

A

infrequently nominated as a best friend; choose to be on their own; not disliked by their peers

27
Q

Peer status: the controversial child

A

frequently nominated as both a best friend and as being disliked by their peers

28
Q

__ in 4 children report being bullied

A

1

29
Q

__ in 5 children report being a bully

A

1

30
Q

about how long does bullying behavior last?

A

37 SECOND

31
Q

teachers notice/intervene in __ out of 25 bullying episodes

A

1

32
Q

Children involved in bullying are at an increased risk for…?

A

emotional problems, behavioral problems, school related issues

33
Q

What percentage of school shooters were bullied?

A

71%

34
Q

What is the first stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A

punishment/ obedience: will I get in trouble

35
Q

What is the second stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A

Instrumental purpose: whats in it for me?

36
Q

What is the third stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A

good boy/nice girl: what will people think of me

37
Q

What is stage four of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A

law and order: is it against the law?

38
Q

What is stage five of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A

Social contract: what is the greater good for society?

39
Q

What is stage 6 of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A

Universal ethical principles: self-chosen moral principles

40
Q

What are the basic ideas of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

A
  • theres a link between cognition development and moral reasoning
  • invariant sequence of development
  • rate of development varies
  • some individuals never reach the higher stages
41
Q

What are the criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A
  • thought vs behavior
  • all male sample
  • understanding of young children
42
Q

What did Carol Gilligan say about Kohlberg’s theory?

A

Justice (males) vs caring (females)

43
Q

What promotes moral development?

A
  • Age
  • education level
  • induction (explain reasoning)
  • extracurricular activities
  • cognitive disequilibrium (changing how your thinking and behavior based on the situation)
44
Q

Metamemory

A

knowledge about memory; increases with age

45
Q

Seriation in Piaget’s concrete operational stage

A

the concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension (such as length)

46
Q

Transitivity in Piagets concrete operational stage

A

the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions

47
Q

Class inclusion

A

the ability to classify objects into two or more categories simultaneously

48
Q

What is a learning disability?

A

A child who has difficulty understanding or using spoken or written language or doing mathematics.

49
Q

Dyslexia

A

have a sever impairment in their ability to read and spell

50
Q

dysgraphia

A

difficulty in handwriting

51
Q

dyscalculia

A

difficulty in math computation

52
Q

ADHD

A

a disability in which children consistently show inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity

53
Q

Self-concept

A

specific evaluations of the self

54
Q

self-efficacy

A

the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes

55
Q

When is the best time to learn a second language

A

Adults learn a second language faster than children but their level of mastery is not as high as children

56
Q

Should parents teach young children two languages simultaneously or wait until they are proficient in one language first?

A

Simultaneously

Human Development (10 decks)

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