Chapters 7 & 8 Flashcards
Physical growth in middle to late childhood
- slow and steady growth
- skinniest and healthiest time of your life
Whats the average height gain in middle - late childhood?
2-3inches per year
What is the average weight gain for middle to late childhood?
5-7 pounds a year
Brain development in middle to late childhood
- total brain volume stabilizes by the end of late childhood, but changes in various regions and structures
Motor skills in middle/late childhood
Fine and gross motor skills smoother and more coordinated
Information processing model of memory
input - sensory memory - short term memory - retrieval - long term memory
When children asked to judge if houses were similar, how did preschoolers solve the problem?
Preschoolers used haphazard strategy; making decisions before examining details
When children asked to judge if houses were similar, how did elementary school aged children solve the problem?
Elementary school aged children used exhaustive search strategy for more accurate results
What is short term memory capacity
a number of randomly presented items a person can remember with no delay
What is 4-5 year olds short term memory capacity?
4 items
what is 7 year olds memory capacity?
5 items
what are 10 year olds memory capacity?
6 items
What are adults memory capacity?
7 plus or minus 2 items
What is control processes
strategies used to take information from short term memory
what is maintenance rehearsal
repeating information to self as a way to learn
What age does maintenance rehearsal develop?
6-8 years old
When does organization develop
8-10 years old
What is elaboration
relating incoming information to something that is already meaningful to you
When does elaboration develop?
10-13 years old
Mnemonics
memory dividing strategies
keyword method
visually link pronunciation of a foreign word to English translation
Self esteem
an individuals overall and specific positive and negative self evaluation; the value of worth people attach to themselves
Peer status: rejected child
infrequently nominated as best friend; actively disliked by peers
Peer status: popular child
children who are well liked by their peers
Peer status: withdrawn
actively rejected because of their withdrawn, anxious, behavior
peer status: neglected child
infrequently nominated as a best friend; choose to be on their own; not disliked by their peers
Peer status: the controversial child
frequently nominated as both a best friend and as being disliked by their peers
__ in 4 children report being bullied
1
__ in 5 children report being a bully
1
about how long does bullying behavior last?
37 SECOND
teachers notice/intervene in __ out of 25 bullying episodes
1
Children involved in bullying are at an increased risk for…?
emotional problems, behavioral problems, school related issues
What percentage of school shooters were bullied?
71%
What is the first stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
punishment/ obedience: will I get in trouble
What is the second stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Instrumental purpose: whats in it for me?
What is the third stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
good boy/nice girl: what will people think of me
What is stage four of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
law and order: is it against the law?
What is stage five of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Social contract: what is the greater good for society?
What is stage 6 of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Universal ethical principles: self-chosen moral principles
What are the basic ideas of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
- theres a link between cognition development and moral reasoning
- invariant sequence of development
- rate of development varies
- some individuals never reach the higher stages
What are the criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
- thought vs behavior
- all male sample
- understanding of young children
What did Carol Gilligan say about Kohlberg’s theory?
Justice (males) vs caring (females)
What promotes moral development?
- Age
- education level
- induction (explain reasoning)
- extracurricular activities
- cognitive disequilibrium (changing how your thinking and behavior based on the situation)
Metamemory
knowledge about memory; increases with age
Seriation in Piaget’s concrete operational stage
the concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension (such as length)
Transitivity in Piagets concrete operational stage
the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions
Class inclusion
the ability to classify objects into two or more categories simultaneously
What is a learning disability?
A child who has difficulty understanding or using spoken or written language or doing mathematics.
Dyslexia
have a sever impairment in their ability to read and spell
dysgraphia
difficulty in handwriting
dyscalculia
difficulty in math computation
ADHD
a disability in which children consistently show inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity
Self-concept
specific evaluations of the self
self-efficacy
the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes
When is the best time to learn a second language
Adults learn a second language faster than children but their level of mastery is not as high as children
Should parents teach young children two languages simultaneously or wait until they are proficient in one language first?
Simultaneously
