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AP Bio T1 > Chapters 9, 10 > Flashcards

Chapters 9, 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration transforms

A

Energy into ATP through a series of enzyme catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from simple carbs

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2
Q

Respiration is

A

Simply breaking down foods to convert stored energy into ATP

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3
Q

Endotherms do what

A

Increase metabolic processes such as respiration to generate heat to maintain homeostatic body temps

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4
Q

Ectotherms rely on

A

Their surroundings to maintain temperature

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5
Q

How is energy transformed

A

Relocation of electrons released energy, which is stored in organic molecules (the energy is them used to make ATP)

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6
Q

Redox reactions

A

Chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons from one reactant to another

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7
Q

OIL RIG

A

Oxidation is losing

Reduction is gaining

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8
Q

Organisms can ___ body mass due to release of ____ during cellular respiration

A

Lose

Carbon dioxide

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9
Q

Process of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle (Krebs)
Electron transport chain
Chemiosmosis

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10
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Production of ATP powered by the oxidation (breakdown) of molecules during the elctron transport chain

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11
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

Production of ATP that occurs when an enzyme removes a phosphate group from a substrate molecule and transfers it to ADP (glycolysis and krebs)

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12
Q

Glycolysis

A

First step in cellular respiration which rearranges the bonds in goucose, releasing free energy in form of ATP, resulting in production of pyruvate

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13
Q

Glycolysis occurs where

A

In cytosol

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14
Q

Does glycolysis need oxygen

A

Occurs whether oxygen is present or not

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15
Q

Glycolysis starts w

A

1 molecule of glucose

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16
Q

Glycolysis produces

A

2 pyruvate
2 NADH
2ATP

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17
Q

If oxygen is present in glyocolysis…

A

The pyruvate enters the mitocondria an is used in aerobic respiration

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18
Q

What is pyruvate converted into during aerobic respiration

A

Acetyl CoA and NADH

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19
Q

How many times does aerobic respiration occur

A

2x bc 2 pyruvates are made during glycolysis soooo 2 acetyl CoA made and 2 NADH made

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20
Q

By product of aerobic respiration

A

CO2

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21
Q

Krebs cycle products

A

2 ATP (substrate phosphorylation)
6 NADH
2 FADH2

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22
Q

The NADH and FADH2 act as

A

Energy carriers and transfer energy to the electron transport chain

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23
Q

Byproduct of krebs

A

CO2

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24
Q

How many times does krebs occur

A

2x because 2 acetyl coA molecules

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25
Where is electron transport chain
Embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
26
Electron transport chain
Series of proteins that transport electrons which releases energy used to make ATP
27
Does electron transport chain make ATP directly
NO
28
What is first broken down by electron transport chain
NADH and FADH2
29
What happens to the electrons transferred from NADH and FADH2
Passed down the electron transport chain until they reach the final electron acceptor
30
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
Oxygen- which picks up H+ atoms to maks water
31
Movement of electrons down the electron transport chain provides free energy
Free energy is then used to drive chemiosmosis which makes ATP
32
Chemiosmosis
Energy coupling reaction (cotransport) that uses energy stored in the form of a proton gradient to make ATP
33
First step of chemiosmosis pumps H+ where
From the matrix to the intermembrane space
34
Rate of proton pumping across the inner mitochondrial membrane is ________ if oxygen ______ present
Lower if oxygen is not present
35
How do H+ (protons) diffuse back across the inner mitochondrial membrane
Through ATP synthase
36
For each moleucle of NADH that enters the electron transport chain how many ATPs are made
3
37
For each molecule of FADH2 that enters the electron transport chain how many ATPs are made
2
38
Acetyl coA accumulates in the
Matrix
39
Krebs cycle occurs where
Matrix
40
Uncoupling proteins
Found in mitochondria- uncouple the two processes and dissipate the proton gradient before it can be used to make ATP
41
Form of thermoregulagion
Energy from electron transport chain is used to generste heat during times of cold
42
After glycolysis, if oxygen is present, pyruvate enters
Fermentation
43
Fermentation
An extension of glycolysis that makes a small amount of ATP from pyruvate in the absence of oxygen
44
Fermentation regenerates
NAD+ so glycolysis can occur again
45
Fermentation is an ______ process
Anaerobic
46
Fermentation takes place where
In cytosol
47
Lactic acid fermentation
Converts the pyruvic acid into lactic acid
48
Ex of lactic acid fermentation
In muscle cells during exercise
49
Alcohol fermentation
Converts the pyruvic acid into ethanol
50
Ex alcohol fermentation
Bacteria use alcohol fermentation
51
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in organic molecules (glucose)
52
Photosynthetic orgs capture free energy from
Sunlight
53
Chemosynthetic orgs capture free energy from
small inorganic molecules present in their environment- occurs in absence of oxygen
54
Heterotroph
Org than is unable to make its own food and must eat other organisms
55
Heterotrophs capture free energy present in
carbon compounds produced by other organisms
56
Wavelength
Distance between the crests of waves
57
Wavelength ranges from
10^-5nm (gamma rays) to 10^3m (radio waves)
58
The shorter the wavelength, the ______ energy the photon of light contains
More
59
Visible light has a wavelength of
380 to 750nm
60
What colors of light are most effectively absorbed by chlorophyll
Blue and red
61
Pigments
Substances that absorb visible light
62
The color of the pigment is
Not the color that is absorbed but what color is reflected
63
Chlorophyll a
Bluegreen pigment in the chloroplast which can participate directly in the light reactions of photosynthesis
64
Chlorophyll b
Yellow-green accessory pigment in the chloroplast which transfers energy to chlorophyll a
65
Carentenoids
Yellow and orange accessory pigments that allow leaves to absorb more light
66
What causes leaves to turn colors in the fall
Carentenoids
67
Thlykoid
Flat disc where photosynthesis occurs
68
Chlorophyll
Green pigments embedded in the thylakoid membrane that absorbs light
69
Thylakoid space
Inner compartment of thylakoids
70
Granum
Stack of thylakoids
71
Stroma
Fluid surrounding the thylakoids
72
Equation for respiration
Glucose + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + Water + 36 ATP
73
Equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + water + light -> glucose + 6O2
74
In photosynthesis, CO2 is ________ and water is ________
CO2 is Reduced; water is Oxidized
75
Light reactions
Involves series of controlled reaction pathways that capture free energy present in light to yield ATP and NADPH which powers the production of organic molecules
76
Calvin cycle
Involves series of reactions that uses free energy from energy storage molecules (ATP and NADPH) to make sugar
77
Photosystem amd what is it made of
Light absorbing complex made up of pigments, a special chlorophyll a molecule, and a primary electron acceptor
78
Where is photosystems
In thylakoid membrane (internal mem of chloroplast)
79
Reaction center
The chlorophyll a and the primary electron acceptor complex is known is reaction center
80
Photosytem 1:
Reaction center chlorophyll is called P700 because it absorbs light w a wavelenths of 700nm
81
Photosystem II:
Reaction center chlorophyll is called P680 bc it absorbs light w a wavelength of 680nm
82
What absorbs the light energy during photosynthesis
Pigments (usually chlorophyll) in photosystem II (initially)
83
Where does the light energy go after absorbed into pigments
Transferred to P680 (a chlorophyll a molecule) next to the primary electron acceptor
84
What does the primary electron acceptor do
Traps high energy electrons
85
During light reactions, water is split into what
Protons (H+), electrons, amd oxygen
86
Why is water needed during light reactions
To replace the electrons lost by P680
87
What happens after electrons travel past 1st primary electron acceptor
Move through electron transport chain to photosystem 1, giving off ATP
88
What is the ATP made inlight reactions used for
To drive chemiosmosis
89
Why are more electrons needed at photosystem 1
To replace electrons lost by P700
90
Where do electrons go after P700
Passed down second electron transport chain to combine w NADP+ to form NADPH
91
What does NADPH function as
Electron acceptor that acts as energy capturing molecule
92
During light reactions NADP+ is __________ to become NADPH
Reduced
93
The electron transport chain in light reactions pumps H+ from
Stroma to thylakoid space to create proton grafient
94
What enzyme do H+ diffuse back through during chemiosmosis
ATP Synthase
95
How do prokaryotes do chemiosmosis
By pumping H+ frominside cell across the mem to the outside of the cell
96
Where does calvin cycle take place
Stroma
97
Steps of calvin cycle
CO2 attached to RuBP ATP and NADPH are used G3P is made (sugar) RuBP made so cycle can continue
98
What is RuBP
Ribulose biphosphage or rubisco
99
Problem w calvin cycle
Uses more ATP than NADPH
100
Cyclic electron flow
Uses photosystem 1 but not phtosystem II cycling electrons fromprimary electron acceptor of p1 to 1st electron transport chain and back to p1
101
During cyclic electron flow, what is/not made
No NADPH made No oxygen released ATP made by cyclic photophoshorylation

AP Bio T1 (9 decks)

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