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AP Bio T1 > Chapters 9, 10 > Flashcards

Chapters 9, 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Respiration transforms

A

Energy into ATP through a series of enzyme catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from simple carbs

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2
Q

Respiration is

A

Simply breaking down foods to convert stored energy into ATP

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3
Q

Endotherms do what

A

Increase metabolic processes such as respiration to generate heat to maintain homeostatic body temps

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4
Q

Ectotherms rely on

A

Their surroundings to maintain temperature

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5
Q

How is energy transformed

A

Relocation of electrons released energy, which is stored in organic molecules (the energy is them used to make ATP)

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6
Q

Redox reactions

A

Chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons from one reactant to another

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7
Q

OIL RIG

A

Oxidation is losing

Reduction is gaining

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8
Q

Organisms can ___ body mass due to release of ____ during cellular respiration

A

Lose

Carbon dioxide

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9
Q

Process of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle (Krebs)
Electron transport chain
Chemiosmosis

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10
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Production of ATP powered by the oxidation (breakdown) of molecules during the elctron transport chain

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11
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

Production of ATP that occurs when an enzyme removes a phosphate group from a substrate molecule and transfers it to ADP (glycolysis and krebs)

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12
Q

Glycolysis

A

First step in cellular respiration which rearranges the bonds in goucose, releasing free energy in form of ATP, resulting in production of pyruvate

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13
Q

Glycolysis occurs where

A

In cytosol

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14
Q

Does glycolysis need oxygen

A

Occurs whether oxygen is present or not

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15
Q

Glycolysis starts w

A

1 molecule of glucose

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16
Q

Glycolysis produces

A

2 pyruvate
2 NADH
2ATP

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17
Q

If oxygen is present in glyocolysis…

A

The pyruvate enters the mitocondria an is used in aerobic respiration

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18
Q

What is pyruvate converted into during aerobic respiration

A

Acetyl CoA and NADH

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19
Q

How many times does aerobic respiration occur

A

2x bc 2 pyruvates are made during glycolysis soooo 2 acetyl CoA made and 2 NADH made

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20
Q

By product of aerobic respiration

A

CO2

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21
Q

Krebs cycle products

A

2 ATP (substrate phosphorylation)
6 NADH
2 FADH2

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22
Q

The NADH and FADH2 act as

A

Energy carriers and transfer energy to the electron transport chain

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23
Q

Byproduct of krebs

A

CO2

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24
Q

How many times does krebs occur

A

2x because 2 acetyl coA molecules

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25
Q

Where is electron transport chain

A

Embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

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26
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Series of proteins that transport electrons which releases energy used to make ATP

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27
Q

Does electron transport chain make ATP directly

A

NO

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28
Q

What is first broken down by electron transport chain

A

NADH and FADH2

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29
Q

What happens to the electrons transferred from NADH and FADH2

A

Passed down the electron transport chain until they reach the final electron acceptor

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30
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

A

Oxygen- which picks up H+ atoms to maks water

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31
Q

Movement of electrons down the electron transport chain provides free energy

A

Free energy is then used to drive chemiosmosis which makes ATP

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32
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Energy coupling reaction (cotransport) that uses energy stored in the form of a proton gradient to make ATP

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33
Q

First step of chemiosmosis pumps H+ where

A

From the matrix to the intermembrane space

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34
Q

Rate of proton pumping across the inner mitochondrial membrane is ________ if oxygen ______ present

A

Lower if oxygen is not present

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35
Q

How do H+ (protons) diffuse back across the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

Through ATP synthase

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36
Q

For each moleucle of NADH that enters the electron transport chain how many ATPs are made

A

3

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37
Q

For each molecule of FADH2 that enters the electron transport chain how many ATPs are made

A

2

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38
Q

Acetyl coA accumulates in the

A

Matrix

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39
Q

Krebs cycle occurs where

A

Matrix

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40
Q

Uncoupling proteins

A

Found in mitochondria- uncouple the two processes and dissipate the proton gradient before it can be used to make ATP

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41
Q

Form of thermoregulagion

A

Energy from electron transport chain is used to generste heat during times of cold

42
Q

After glycolysis, if oxygen is present, pyruvate enters

A

Fermentation

43
Q

Fermentation

A

An extension of glycolysis that makes a small amount of ATP from pyruvate in the absence of oxygen

44
Q

Fermentation regenerates

A

NAD+ so glycolysis can occur again

45
Q

Fermentation is an ______ process

A

Anaerobic

46
Q

Fermentation takes place where

A

In cytosol

47
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

Converts the pyruvic acid into lactic acid

48
Q

Ex of lactic acid fermentation

A

In muscle cells during exercise

49
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

Converts the pyruvic acid into ethanol

50
Q

Ex alcohol fermentation

A

Bacteria use alcohol fermentation

51
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in organic molecules (glucose)

52
Q

Photosynthetic orgs capture free energy from

A

Sunlight

53
Q

Chemosynthetic orgs capture free energy from

A

small inorganic molecules present in their environment- occurs in absence of oxygen

54
Q

Heterotroph

A

Org than is unable to make its own food and must eat other organisms

55
Q

Heterotrophs capture free energy present in

A

carbon compounds produced by other organisms

56
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance between the crests of waves

57
Q

Wavelength ranges from

A

10^-5nm (gamma rays) to 10^3m (radio waves)

58
Q

The shorter the wavelength, the ______ energy the photon of light contains

A

More

59
Q

Visible light has a wavelength of

A

380 to 750nm

60
Q

What colors of light are most effectively absorbed by chlorophyll

A

Blue and red

61
Q

Pigments

A

Substances that absorb visible light

62
Q

The color of the pigment is

A

Not the color that is absorbed but what color is reflected

63
Q

Chlorophyll a

A

Bluegreen pigment in the chloroplast which can participate directly in the light reactions of photosynthesis

64
Q

Chlorophyll b

A

Yellow-green accessory pigment in the chloroplast which transfers energy to chlorophyll a

65
Q

Carentenoids

A

Yellow and orange accessory pigments that allow leaves to absorb more light

66
Q

What causes leaves to turn colors in the fall

A

Carentenoids

67
Q

Thlykoid

A

Flat disc where photosynthesis occurs

68
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Green pigments embedded in the thylakoid membrane that absorbs light

69
Q

Thylakoid space

A

Inner compartment of thylakoids

70
Q

Granum

A

Stack of thylakoids

71
Q

Stroma

A

Fluid surrounding the thylakoids

72
Q

Equation for respiration

A

Glucose + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + Water + 36 ATP

73
Q

Equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + water + light -> glucose + 6O2

74
Q

In photosynthesis, CO2 is ________ and water is ________

A

CO2 is Reduced; water is Oxidized

75
Q

Light reactions

A

Involves series of controlled reaction pathways that capture free energy present in light to yield ATP and NADPH which powers the production of organic molecules

76
Q

Calvin cycle

A

Involves series of reactions that uses free energy from energy storage molecules (ATP and NADPH) to make sugar

77
Q

Photosystem amd what is it made of

A

Light absorbing complex made up of pigments, a special chlorophyll a molecule, and a primary electron acceptor

78
Q

Where is photosystems

A

In thylakoid membrane (internal mem of chloroplast)

79
Q

Reaction center

A

The chlorophyll a and the primary electron acceptor complex is known is reaction center

80
Q

Photosytem 1:

A

Reaction center chlorophyll is called P700 because it absorbs light w a wavelenths of 700nm

81
Q

Photosystem II:

A

Reaction center chlorophyll is called P680 bc it absorbs light w a wavelength of 680nm

82
Q

What absorbs the light energy during photosynthesis

A

Pigments (usually chlorophyll) in photosystem II (initially)

83
Q

Where does the light energy go after absorbed into pigments

A

Transferred to P680 (a chlorophyll a molecule) next to the primary electron acceptor

84
Q

What does the primary electron acceptor do

A

Traps high energy electrons

85
Q

During light reactions, water is split into what

A

Protons (H+), electrons, amd oxygen

86
Q

Why is water needed during light reactions

A

To replace the electrons lost by P680

87
Q

What happens after electrons travel past 1st primary electron acceptor

A

Move through electron transport chain to photosystem 1, giving off ATP

88
Q

What is the ATP made inlight reactions used for

A

To drive chemiosmosis

89
Q

Why are more electrons needed at photosystem 1

A

To replace electrons lost by P700

90
Q

Where do electrons go after P700

A

Passed down second electron transport chain to combine w NADP+ to form NADPH

91
Q

What does NADPH function as

A

Electron acceptor that acts as energy capturing molecule

92
Q

During light reactions NADP+ is __________ to become NADPH

A

Reduced

93
Q

The electron transport chain in light reactions pumps H+ from

A

Stroma to thylakoid space to create proton grafient

94
Q

What enzyme do H+ diffuse back through during chemiosmosis

A

ATP Synthase

95
Q

How do prokaryotes do chemiosmosis

A

By pumping H+ frominside cell across the mem to the outside of the cell

96
Q

Where does calvin cycle take place

A

Stroma

97
Q

Steps of calvin cycle

A

CO2 attached to RuBP
ATP and NADPH are used
G3P is made (sugar)
RuBP made so cycle can continue

98
Q

What is RuBP

A

Ribulose biphosphage or rubisco

99
Q

Problem w calvin cycle

A

Uses more ATP than NADPH

100
Q

Cyclic electron flow

A

Uses photosystem 1 but not phtosystem II cycling electrons fromprimary electron acceptor of p1 to 1st electron transport chain and back to p1

101
Q

During cyclic electron flow, what is/not made

A

No NADPH made
No oxygen released
ATP made by cyclic photophoshorylation

AP Bio T1 (9 decks)

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