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AP Bio T1 > Chapter 14, 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 14, 15 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genetics

A

The study of how characteristics are transmitted from parent to offspring

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2
Q

Gregor mendel

A

Austrailian monk who combined science w statistics to study heredity , made laws in 1860s

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3
Q

Mendels Garden Peas

A

Pisum sativum; studied 7 traits of pea plants, observed many generations stidying everyones traits,

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4
Q

What did mendel ensure in his experiment

A

That he started his experiments w peas that were true breeds

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5
Q

F1 generation

A

Offspring of the P generation

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6
Q

F2 generation

A

Offspring of the F 1 generation

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7
Q

Mendels conclusion

A

Traits are inherited in discrete units (later called genes)

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8
Q

Allele

A

An alternative form of a gene

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9
Q

Law of segregation

A

Mendels law stating that allele pairs separate during meiosis and end up in different gametes

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10
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Mendels law stating each allele pair segregated independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation

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11
Q

For each of the seven pea characteristics that mendel studied, each pair behaves as if they were on diff chromosomes

A

Only exception to this rule is if alleles are on the same chromosome
Genes located near each other on same chrom. tend to be inherited together

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12
Q

Law of segregation and independent assortment result in

A

Genetic variation

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13
Q

Carrier

A

A heterozygous that is phenotypically normal but carries a gene for some trait

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14
Q

Heterozygote can be more advantageous than homozygous bc has two forms of proteins that may provide functional resilience in response to

A

Enviornmental stress

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15
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

Cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits

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16
Q

Punnett square

A

Diagram hat predicts the gentic outcome of diff types of crossed

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17
Q

Test cross

A

Used to determine the genotype of an unknown individual

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18
Q

To do a testcross

A

Cross unknown to a homozygous recessive and analyze offspring

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19
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

Cross between invidividuals that involves two pairs of contrasting traits

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20
Q

Rule of multiplication

A

Math way to determine chance of 2+ independent events happening simultaneously

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21
Q

Incomplete dominamce

A

When intermediate phenotype is formed like pink flower (Rr)

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22
Q

Codominance

A

Lizard w yellow and blue spots

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23
Q

Multiple allele traits

A

ABO blood groups controlled by 3+ alleles of same gene

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24
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Skin color controlled by 2+ genes

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25
Q

Nonnuclear inheritance

A

Inheritance of genetic info from sources other than the chromosomes or dna in nucleus

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26
Q

CF (ff) autosomal recessive

A

Protein in membrane is defective or absent so chloride ions cant pass to outside of cell, chloride ions accumulate in cell which leads to buildup of mucus

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27
Q

Symptoms of cf

A

Mucus buildup in pancreas lungs digestive tract or other organs leading to poor absorption of nutrients, chronic bronchitis, and recurrent bacterial infections

28
Q

Tay-Sachs disease (tt) autosomal recessive

A

An enzyme that metabolizes lipids in the brain doesnt function properly so lipids accumulate in the brain

29
Q

Symptoms of tay sachs

A

Seizures, blindness, gradual deterioration of brain tissue leading to a loss of motor and mental ability

30
Q

Tay sachs affect individuals

A

Usually die in early infancy

31
Q

Sickle cell anemia (aa) autosomal recessive

A

Caused by a substitution of the wrong amino acid in hemoglobin protein, which causes the hemoglobin to be the improper shape amd often clump together

32
Q

Symptoms of sickle cell

A

Misshaped red blood cells lead to impaired blood circulation and organ damage

33
Q

Huntingtons disease (H_) autosomal dominant

A

Symptoms dont appear until 30-40, if you have it one of your parents had it

34
Q

Symptoms of huntingtons disease

A

Deterioration of the central nervous system

35
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU) autosomal recessive (pp)

A

Cant properly break down the amino acid phenylalanine which accumulates to toxic levels in the blood caisimg improper development of the brain

36
Q

How is PKU overcome

A

By regulating the diet

37
Q

Hemophilia (X^h Y or X^h X^h)

A

X linked recessive disease that is much more common in men

38
Q

Symptoms of hemophilia

A

Blood can’t clot

39
Q

In the early 1900s Thomas Hunt Morgan worked w ________ (fruit flies) and confirmed mendels idea that genes are located at specific locations on chromosomes

A

Drosophilia

40
Q

Morgan’s discoveries

A

X/Y chrom are responsible for determining sex

There are genes on sex chromosomes which led to his discovery of SEX LINKAGE

41
Q

Linked genes

A

Genes located on the same chromosome

42
Q

Linked genes tend to be what

A

Inherited together bc the chrom is passed on as a unit unless crossing over

43
Q

Genetic map

A

Diagram showing the location of genes on a chromosome

44
Q

The frequency of crossing over between 2 linked genes is proportional to the distance between them

A

.

45
Q

Map unit

A

Used to determine the probability that crossing over between genes will occur

46
Q

Genes that split up due to crossing iver 1% of the time are

A

1 map unit apart

47
Q

Sex is determined by what chromosome

A

23rd chromosome in the male gamete (sperm)

48
Q

Grosshoppers

A

X-O system
Male is X
Female is XX

49
Q

Birds

A

Z-W system
Male is ZZ
Female is ZW

50
Q

Bees

A

No sex chromosomes
Male has 16 (haploid)
Female has 32 (diploid)

51
Q

X linkedtraits (sex linked)

A

Genes Located on the X chromosome

52
Q

Example of X-linked traits

A

Color blindness, muscular dystrophy, hemophilia

53
Q

Sexlimited trait

A

Genes that are present in both sexes but are expressed in only one sex and remain turned off and the other sex

54
Q

Why are sex limited traits the way they are

A

Often due to the presence or absence of sex hormones

55
Q

Example of sex limited trait

A

Male pattern baldness

Milk production in females

56
Q

Barr body

A

An in active X chromosome that is normally found in the nucleus of somatic cells of a female

57
Q

Nondisjunction

A

When chromosomes failed to separate during meiosis

Causing 22 or 24 chromosomes

58
Q

Monosomic

A

A zygote that is lacking a chromosome (45)

59
Q

Trisomic

A

Zygote that contains one extra chromosome (46)

60
Q

Polyploidy

A

A chromosome alteration in which the organism possesses more than two chromosome sets

61
Q

Polyploidy also called

A

Gene duplication
Much more common in plants
Can lead to evolution of the function of the new gene

62
Q

Karyotype

A

A picture of a persons chromosomes

63
Q

Down syndrome

A

Having an extra 21st chromosome

64
Q

Klinefelters syndrome

A

Males with an extra X-chromosome (xxy)

Symptoms: male sex organs amd female characteristics, usually sterile

65
Q

Turner syndrome

A

Females that have only one X chromosome (XO)

Symptoms: sex organs dont develop akd secondary sex characteristics fail to develop

AP Bio T1 (9 decks)

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