Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Bio T1 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell to cell signaling

A

Communication between cells when there is direct contact between the two cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cell to cell recognition

A

Communication between cells when proteins on the surface of the cells interact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ex cell to cell recognition

A

Immune cells interact like this such as APCs helper T cells and killer t cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Local regulators

A

When a cell releases a messenger molecule and it travels a short distance to a target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Occurs when a cell secretes many messenger molecules which travel to nearby cells and cause a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ex paracrine signaling

A

Growth hormone are compounds that stimulate nearby target cells to grow and multiply, release of pheromones in yeast trigger mating gene expression sexual reproduction etc, bacteria are able to respond to external signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Quorum sensing in bacteria

A

Bacteria release signaling molecules to communicate, can detect number of bacteria around them, use to coordinate behavior amongst a group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ex of quorum sensing

A

Collection of bacteria will form a biofilm which is a group of bacteria that clump together and adhere to a surface in order to get nutrients from the surface that they are on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

Specific type of local regulation in which a neurotransmitter gets released stimulating the target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ex synaptic signaling

A

Occurs in animal nervous system, release of neurotransmitters is how nerve impulses stimulate a muscle to move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The releSd of morphogens stimulate

A

Embroyonic development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Long distance signaling

A

Cells secrete chemical signals which enter vessels of the circulatiry system and travel long distances to other parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hormones

A

The chemical signals in plants in animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Endocrine signals (hormones) are produced by

A

Endocrine cells that release signaling molecules, which are specific and can travel long distances througg the blood to reach all parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ex of hormones

A

Insulin, growth hormone, thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Signal transduction pathway

A

Once the chemical or hormone gets to the surgacr of the target cell, it brings about a specific cellular response in this series of steps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do sugnal transduction pathways do

A

Coordinate the activities within individual cells that support the fuctiom if the organism as a whole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ex of signal transduction pathway

A

Epinephrine stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in mammals, temperature stimulates responses that determine the sex of some vertebrae organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Reception

A

When a signal moleucle binds to the receptor on or in the target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ligand

A

The signal molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Does each receptor recognize all messengers?

A

Diff receptors recognize diff chemical messengerd which can be peptides, small chemicals, or proteins, in a specific one to one relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Membrane receptors

A

Receptors that are embedded in the plasma membrane of the target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ligands of membrane receptors

A

Hydrophillic and large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens when ligand binds to membrane receptor

A

The receptor changes shape and the transduction of the signal begins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Malfuctioning of membrane receptors
Associated w cancer heart disease and asthma
26
G protein linked receptor
A membrane receptor that interacts with a g protein inside the cell, which in turn binds to the energy rich molecule GTP, activating enzymes and a cellular response
27
G protein coupled receptors are involved in
Vision, smell, and taste, also diseases such as cholera, whooping cough, and botulism
28
60% of medicines used today....
exert their effects by influencing g protein pathways
29
Receptor tyrosine kinase
A membrane receptor that extends into the cytoplasm and acts as an emzyme (tyrosine kinase) which uses ATP to add a phosphate to the amino acid tyrosine of the substrate protein thus activating a cellular response
30
Kinase
An enzyme that catslyze the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP
31
Abnormal receptor tyrosine kinase are associated w
Many kinds of cancer
32
Ligand gated ion channel
Membrane receptor containing a region that can act as a gate when the receptor changes shape
33
What causes ligand gated ion channels to open
When the ligand binds, or when neurotransmitters cause them to open to allow a nerve impulse to travel from neuron to neuron
34
Intracellular receptors
Receptors that are found on the inside of tue cell in the cytoplasm or nucleus
35
Process of ligand going to intracellular receptor
Hydrophobic or small ligand passes through the membrane and binds to a receptor inside the cell
36
Ex of intracellular receptor
Signaling molecules shch as steroid hormones and thyroid hormones pass through the membrane and bind to intracellular receptors
37
The ligand/receptor complex (intracellular receptor) enters the nucleus and activates a response by tuning on specific genes
.
38
Transduction is also called
Signaling cascades
39
Transduction
Process bt which a signal from a receptor is relayed and converted to a cellular response
40
Process of transduction
After signal moleucle binds to the receptor, causes proteins to change shape and relay the message, like dominos one protein activates another and so on
41
How are proteins activated during transduction
By adding one or more ohosphate groups to it (phosohorylation)
42
Protein kinases
Enzymes that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to a protein (phosphorylation)
43
Protein phosphatases
Enzymes that rapidly remove phsophate groups from proteins (dephosphorylation)
44
Second messengers
Small nonprotein water soluble moleucles or ions that are part of the signal transduction pathway
45
Are second messengers essential
Yes
46
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
A moleucle that is produced from ATP in response to an external signal
47
Production of cAMP is often stimulated in response to
Epinephrine
48
what does cAMP usually do
Activated a protein kinase which then stimulates a cellular response
49
Levels of cAMP regulate
Metabolic gene expression in bacteria
50
Cyclic GMP (cGMP)
A signaling molecule whose effects include relaxation of smooth muscle cells in artery walls
51
Ex of cGMP
Medications that stimulate cGMP production lead to more blood flow to the heart
52
Calcium ions (Ca2+)
A secondary messenger that usually activated various proteins, which causes a cellular response
53
Increasing the concentration of calcium ions causes
Many responses including muscle contraction, secretion of certain zubstances, cell division, and greening in plants
54
Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
A secondary messenger produced by the cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane which stimulated the release of calcium
55
Bc IP3 works before calcium, calcium would be considered a
Third messenger
56
Response
The action of the cell after receiving the signal
57
Many pathways activate
Transcription factors which turn specific genes on and lead to the production of proteins
58
Fine tuning of the response
Regardless of wherher the response occurs in the nucleus or in the cytoplasm, its fine tuned at many points rather than simply being turned on and off
59
Signal amplification
At each step in the signal transduction pathway, the number of activated proteins is much greater than in the preceding step
60
Ex of signal amplification
Tweeting: the release of a number of epi molecules binding to receptors on surface of liver can lead to release of millions of glucose molecules
61
Cell signal specificity
Cells are very specific in the signals that they respond to
62
Why do cells respond to some signal molecules but not others
The response of the cell to a signal depends on its group of signal receptor proteins, transduction proteins, and proteins needed to carry out the response
63
Scaffolding proteins
A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached, increasing the efficiency of the signal transduction
64
Ex of scaffolding proteins
Having a docking station for proteins in the transduction pathway enhance the speed and accuracy of the signal
65
Termination of the signal
The ligand will leave the receptor and the receptor reverts to its active form, transduction proteins to return to their inactive form as well
66
Ex of termination
Protein phosphatase inactivated protein kinases by removing the phosphate group
67
Ex of harmful effects of altering signal transduction pathway
Diabetes, heart disease, cancer, cholera
68
Ex of helpful effects of altering signal transduction pathway
Hypersensitivity drugs: anesthetics or antihistamines
69
Apoptosis
Type of prgrammed cell death which is brought about by the activation of enzymes that break down many chemical components within the cell
70
The mechanism of apoptosis was first discovered by reseachers working with
C. elegans (a type of worm)
71
In C. elegans, a protein in where does what?
In mitochondria a protein serves as a master regulator of apoptosis during normal development
72
Apoptosis ex in humans
Finger webbing
73
Evidence points to the involvement if apoptosis in certain degenerative diseases of the nervous system such as parkinsons or alzheimers. Cancer can also result from a failure of apoptosis in damaged cells
.

AP Bio T1 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions