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AP Bio T1 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell to cell signaling

A

Communication between cells when there is direct contact between the two cells

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2
Q

Cell to cell recognition

A

Communication between cells when proteins on the surface of the cells interact

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3
Q

Ex cell to cell recognition

A

Immune cells interact like this such as APCs helper T cells and killer t cells

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4
Q

Local regulators

A

When a cell releases a messenger molecule and it travels a short distance to a target cell

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5
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Occurs when a cell secretes many messenger molecules which travel to nearby cells and cause a response

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6
Q

Ex paracrine signaling

A

Growth hormone are compounds that stimulate nearby target cells to grow and multiply, release of pheromones in yeast trigger mating gene expression sexual reproduction etc, bacteria are able to respond to external signals

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7
Q

Quorum sensing in bacteria

A

Bacteria release signaling molecules to communicate, can detect number of bacteria around them, use to coordinate behavior amongst a group

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8
Q

Ex of quorum sensing

A

Collection of bacteria will form a biofilm which is a group of bacteria that clump together and adhere to a surface in order to get nutrients from the surface that they are on

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9
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

Specific type of local regulation in which a neurotransmitter gets released stimulating the target cells

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10
Q

Ex synaptic signaling

A

Occurs in animal nervous system, release of neurotransmitters is how nerve impulses stimulate a muscle to move

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11
Q

The releSd of morphogens stimulate

A

Embroyonic development

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12
Q

Long distance signaling

A

Cells secrete chemical signals which enter vessels of the circulatiry system and travel long distances to other parts of the body

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13
Q

Hormones

A

The chemical signals in plants in animals

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14
Q

Endocrine signals (hormones) are produced by

A

Endocrine cells that release signaling molecules, which are specific and can travel long distances througg the blood to reach all parts of the body

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15
Q

Ex of hormones

A

Insulin, growth hormone, thyroid hormones

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16
Q

Signal transduction pathway

A

Once the chemical or hormone gets to the surgacr of the target cell, it brings about a specific cellular response in this series of steps

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17
Q

What do sugnal transduction pathways do

A

Coordinate the activities within individual cells that support the fuctiom if the organism as a whole

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18
Q

Ex of signal transduction pathway

A

Epinephrine stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in mammals, temperature stimulates responses that determine the sex of some vertebrae organisms

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19
Q

Reception

A

When a signal moleucle binds to the receptor on or in the target cell

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20
Q

Ligand

A

The signal molecule

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21
Q

Does each receptor recognize all messengers?

A

Diff receptors recognize diff chemical messengerd which can be peptides, small chemicals, or proteins, in a specific one to one relationship

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22
Q

Membrane receptors

A

Receptors that are embedded in the plasma membrane of the target cell

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23
Q

Ligands of membrane receptors

A

Hydrophillic and large

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24
Q

What happens when ligand binds to membrane receptor

A

The receptor changes shape and the transduction of the signal begins

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25
Q

Malfuctioning of membrane receptors

A

Associated w cancer heart disease and asthma

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26
Q

G protein linked receptor

A

A membrane receptor that interacts with a g protein inside the cell, which in turn binds to the energy rich molecule GTP, activating enzymes and a cellular response

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27
Q

G protein coupled receptors are involved in

A

Vision, smell, and taste, also diseases such as cholera, whooping cough, and botulism

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28
Q

60% of medicines used today….

A

exert their effects by influencing g protein pathways

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29
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinase

A

A membrane receptor that extends into the cytoplasm and acts as an emzyme (tyrosine kinase) which uses ATP to add a phosphate to the amino acid tyrosine of the substrate protein thus activating a cellular response

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30
Q

Kinase

A

An enzyme that catslyze the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP

31
Q

Abnormal receptor tyrosine kinase are associated w

A

Many kinds of cancer

32
Q

Ligand gated ion channel

A

Membrane receptor containing a region that can act as a gate when the receptor changes shape

33
Q

What causes ligand gated ion channels to open

A

When the ligand binds, or when neurotransmitters cause them to open to allow a nerve impulse to travel from neuron to neuron

34
Q

Intracellular receptors

A

Receptors that are found on the inside of tue cell in the cytoplasm or nucleus

35
Q

Process of ligand going to intracellular receptor

A

Hydrophobic or small ligand passes through the membrane and binds to a receptor inside the cell

36
Q

Ex of intracellular receptor

A

Signaling molecules shch as steroid hormones and thyroid hormones pass through the membrane and bind to intracellular receptors

37
Q

The ligand/receptor complex (intracellular receptor) enters the nucleus and activates a response by tuning on specific genes

A

.

38
Q

Transduction is also called

A

Signaling cascades

39
Q

Transduction

A

Process bt which a signal from a receptor is relayed and converted to a cellular response

40
Q

Process of transduction

A

After signal moleucle binds to the receptor, causes proteins to change shape and relay the message, like dominos one protein activates another and so on

41
Q

How are proteins activated during transduction

A

By adding one or more ohosphate groups to it (phosohorylation)

42
Q

Protein kinases

A

Enzymes that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to a protein (phosphorylation)

43
Q

Protein phosphatases

A

Enzymes that rapidly remove phsophate groups from proteins (dephosphorylation)

44
Q

Second messengers

A

Small nonprotein water soluble moleucles or ions that are part of the signal transduction pathway

45
Q

Are second messengers essential

A

Yes

46
Q

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A

A moleucle that is produced from ATP in response to an external signal

47
Q

Production of cAMP is often stimulated in response to

A

Epinephrine

48
Q

what does cAMP usually do

A

Activated a protein kinase which then stimulates a cellular response

49
Q

Levels of cAMP regulate

A

Metabolic gene expression in bacteria

50
Q

Cyclic GMP (cGMP)

A

A signaling molecule whose effects include relaxation of smooth muscle cells in artery walls

51
Q

Ex of cGMP

A

Medications that stimulate cGMP production lead to more blood flow to the heart

52
Q

Calcium ions (Ca2+)

A

A secondary messenger that usually activated various proteins, which causes a cellular response

53
Q

Increasing the concentration of calcium ions causes

A

Many responses including muscle contraction, secretion of certain zubstances, cell division, and greening in plants

54
Q

Inositol triphosphate (IP3)

A

A secondary messenger produced by the cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane which stimulated the release of calcium

55
Q

Bc IP3 works before calcium, calcium would be considered a

A

Third messenger

56
Q

Response

A

The action of the cell after receiving the signal

57
Q

Many pathways activate

A

Transcription factors which turn specific genes on and lead to the production of proteins

58
Q

Fine tuning of the response

A

Regardless of wherher the response occurs in the nucleus or in the cytoplasm, its fine tuned at many points rather than simply being turned on and off

59
Q

Signal amplification

A

At each step in the signal transduction pathway, the number of activated proteins is much greater than in the preceding step

60
Q

Ex of signal amplification

A

Tweeting: the release of a number of epi molecules binding to receptors on surface of liver can lead to release of millions of glucose molecules

61
Q

Cell signal specificity

A

Cells are very specific in the signals that they respond to

62
Q

Why do cells respond to some signal molecules but not others

A

The response of the cell to a signal depends on its group of signal receptor proteins, transduction proteins, and proteins needed to carry out the response

63
Q

Scaffolding proteins

A

A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached, increasing the efficiency of the signal transduction

64
Q

Ex of scaffolding proteins

A

Having a docking station for proteins in the transduction pathway enhance the speed and accuracy of the signal

65
Q

Termination of the signal

A

The ligand will leave the receptor and the receptor reverts to its active form, transduction proteins to return to their inactive form as well

66
Q

Ex of termination

A

Protein phosphatase inactivated protein kinases by removing the phosphate group

67
Q

Ex of harmful effects of altering signal transduction pathway

A

Diabetes, heart disease, cancer, cholera

68
Q

Ex of helpful effects of altering signal transduction pathway

A

Hypersensitivity drugs: anesthetics or antihistamines

69
Q

Apoptosis

A

Type of prgrammed cell death which is brought about by the activation of enzymes that break down many chemical components within the cell

70
Q

The mechanism of apoptosis was first discovered by reseachers working with

A

C. elegans (a type of worm)

71
Q

In C. elegans, a protein in where does what?

A

In mitochondria a protein serves as a master regulator of apoptosis during normal development

72
Q

Apoptosis ex in humans

A

Finger webbing

73
Q

Evidence points to the involvement if apoptosis in certain degenerative diseases of the nervous system such as parkinsons or alzheimers. Cancer can also result from a failure of apoptosis in damaged cells

A

.

AP Bio T1 (9 decks)

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