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AP Bio T1 > Chapters 2,3,4 > Flashcards

Chapters 2,3,4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Essential elements

A

Elements needed to makntain life (large amts)

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2
Q

What makes up 96% livong matter

A

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hyrdrogen

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3
Q

Carbon is used to build…

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

Also used in sotrage xompounds and cell formation

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4
Q

Nitrogen is ised in building of…

A

Building proteim and nucleic acids

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5
Q

Phosphorus is used in building of…

A

Nucleic acids and some lipids

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6
Q

Trace elements

A

Element required by organism in small amts

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7
Q

Ex of trace elements

A

Iron, iodine

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8
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

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9
Q

When is an atom unstable and very reactive?

A

When its valence she’ll has unpaired electrons

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10
Q

Valence number

A

Number unpaired electrons in outer shell, tells how many bonds can be formed

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11
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Formed when valence electrons from different atoms interact to form molecules

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12
Q

Electronegativity

A

Attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

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13
Q

Double covalent bond

A

Sharing two pairs of electrons

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14
Q

Ionic bond

A

Type of bond resulting from attraction between oppositely charged ions

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15
Q

Ion

A

Atom that has gained or lost an electron

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16
Q

Weak ionic bond

A

In presence of water ionic bond is easily disrupted

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17
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Interaction between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and a very electronegative atom of another molecule

18
Q

Van der Waals interaction

A

Weak attractions between molecules that occur when molecules are in close proximity, attracted by charge differences

19
Q

When does van der waals occur

A

When electrons are not symetrixally distributed in a molecule

20
Q

Hydrophobic interaction

A

Weak chemical bomd formed when molecules that do not mix w water congregate to exclude water

21
Q

Characteristics of water

A
  1. Polar
  2. Oxygen has slight negative charge
  3. Hydrogen has slight positive charge
  4. Hydrogen bonds form between molecules
22
Q

What do properties of water result from

A

Polarity amd hydrogen bonding

23
Q

Cohesion

A

Bonding together of like molecules to hold a substance together- water moves up plant against gravity

24
Q

Adhesion

A

Clinging of one substance to anoher

25
Q

High surface tension

A

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

26
Q

High specific heat

A

The amt of head that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change temp by 1*C

27
Q

High heat of vaporization

A

Amt of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the liquid to a gaseous state

28
Q

Evaporative cooling

A

Occurs bc the molecules with the modt kinetic energy (hottest molecules) are most likely to leave as a gas

29
Q

How does sweating work

A

Water absorbs body head to evaporate

30
Q

Solvent of life

A

Water bc dissolces many things in the body

31
Q

Why is water a good solvent

A

Bc its polar

32
Q

Solution

A

A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

33
Q

A typical body cell is composed of _______% water but most of the rest consists of _____-based compounds

A

70-95

Carbon

34
Q

Organic chemistry

A

The science of carbon based compounds

35
Q

The reactivity of ak atom is determined by…

A

Number of valence electrons

36
Q

Source of all carbon for all organisms

A

CO2

37
Q

Why is variation of carbon skeletons important

A

Allows for molecular complexity and diversity

38
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Organic compounds consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

39
Q

Are hydrocarbons soluble

A

No bc C-H bonds are nonpolar

40
Q

How much energy do hydrocadbons release during reactions

A

Large amounts

AP Bio T1 (9 decks)

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