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AP Bio T1 > Chapter 12, 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 12, 13 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell division functions in

A

Renewal and repair, replacing cells that die from normal wear amd tear

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2
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, a long thin molecule that stores genetic information

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3
Q

Genome

A

an organism’s complete set of DNA

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4
Q

Double helix of dna wraps tightly around ____

A

Histones

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5
Q

Histones

A

Help maintain structure and activity of the genes

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6
Q

When a cell is not dividing, and even as it replicates it’s DNA, the genetic material is in the form of

A

A long thin chromatin fiber

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7
Q

After DNA replication, chromatin does what

A

Becomes densely coiled and folded until it becomes a chromosome

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8
Q

Each duplicated chromosome is made up of

A

Two identical have called chromatids

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9
Q

Chromatids

A

Each half of a chromosome that forms as the DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division (sister chromatids)

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10
Q

Centromere

A

Hold together chromatids

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11
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism

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12
Q

Autosomes

A

Non-sex chromosomes which help determine all of your traits

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13
Q

An organism has pairs of autosomed bc

A

They receive on copy if each autosome from each parent (these pairs are homologous cheomosomes)

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14
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Pairs of chromosomes that are made the same size and shape and carry genes for the same traits

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15
Q

Somatic cells

A

Any cell in multicellular organisms except a sperm or egg

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16
Q

Example of somatic cells

A

All body cells such as skin heart liver and blood cells

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17
Q

Human somatic cells have a total of how many chromosomes

A

46

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18
Q

Gametes

A

Haploid reproductive cell

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19
Q

Inhumans, gametes are

A

Sperm or egg

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20
Q

Human gametes have a total of how many chromosomes

A

23

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21
Q

Diploid cells

A

Have 2 sets of chromosomes, all cells except sperm and egg

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22
Q

Abbreviation for diploid cells

A

2n

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23
Q

Diploid number for humans

A

46

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24
Q

Haploid cells

A

Only contain 1 set of chromosomes (sperm and egg)

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25
Q

Abbreviation for haploid cells

A

1n

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26
Q

Haploid number for humans

A

23

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27
Q

Cell cycle

A

A repeating set of events that make up the life of a cell

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28
Q

Cell cycle is a mechanism in which each _______ receives what

A

each daughter cell receives an identical and a complete complement of chromosomes (a complete genome passed from parent cell to daighter cells)

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29
Q

Cell cycle produces

A

2 genticslly identical daighter cells allowing orgs to grow, replace cells, and reproduce asexually

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30
Q

Interphase

A

Period in cell cycle when the cell is not dividing (90% of cell cycle)

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31
Q

Steps of interphase

A 
G1 phase (first gap)
S phase (synthesis)
G2 phase (second gap)
G0 phase
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32
Q

G1 phase

A

During g1 phase the cell grows, if a cell does not receive a signal to go to the S phase it enters g0 phase

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33
Q

S phase

A

The cell’s DNA is copied

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34
Q

G2 phase

A

The cell continues to grow and prepares for cell division- a single centrosome duplicates, forming two centrosomes

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35
Q

Centrosome

A

A region in animal cells that organize the microtubules of the mitotic spindle- each centrosome contains two centrioles

36
Q

G0 phase

A

In this phase the cell does not prepare for cell division, it is a mature cell that will never divide again

37
Q

Ex of g0 phase

A

Nerve and muscle cells are in g0 phase

38
Q

Steps of cell cycle

A

Interphase and mitosis

39
Q

Mitosis: when does it occur? What does it play a role in?

A

During mitosis the cell divides- occurs after DNA replication- plays role in growth, repair, and asexual reproduction

40
Q

Mitosis follwed by cytokinesis produces

A

Two gentically identical daughter cells

41
Q

Mitosis allows for asexual reproduction of orgs in which

A

Daughter cells are genetically identical to the parental cell, allowing for genetic info transfer to subsequent generations

42
Q

Steps of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

43
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin fibers become more tightly coiled forming chromosomes
Nucleus begins to disappear
Centrosomes begin to move to opposite ends of the cell
Microtubules called spindle fibers radiate from the centrosomes creating a mitotic spindle
Kinetochored form on the centromere of the chromosome
Spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores

44
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

Combo of centrosomes and the spindle fibers

Radial arrays of shorter microtubules that extend from the centrosomes look like stars and are called asters

45
Q

Kinetochores

A

Regions on the chromosomes where the spindle fibers attach

46
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle fibers put all the cheomosomes so that they line up in the middle of the cell along the metaphase plate

47
Q

Metaphase plate

A

Imaginary plate that is in the middle of the two centrosomes

48
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibers shorten, pulling apart chromosomes into individual chromatids, which then migrate to opposite poles
Cell begins to elongate

49
Q

Once the chromatids are pulled apart in anaphase they are considered to be their own chromosome

A

.

50
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell and being to uncoil forming chromatin
Spindle microtubules (spindle fibers) disappear
Nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes
Cytokinesis begins

51
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm of the cell

52
Q

Cytokinesis in animals

A

The cleavage furrow pinches inward eventually sitting the cell into two offspring cells

53
Q

Cytokinesis in plants

A

A cell plate forms across the middle of the cell splitting the cell into two offspring cells

54
Q

Binary fission

A

Division of a prokaryotic cell into two identical offspring cells

55
Q

Binary fission….

A

Form of asexual reproduction
Occurs in prokaryotes (bacteria)
Occurs in single celled eukaryotic cells

56
Q

Steps of binary fission

A
  1. DNA is replicated
  2. Cell grows and elongates until it is 2x the size of the orginal cell
  3. Cell wall forms between the 2 cheomosomes and cell splits into 2 new identical cells
57
Q

Cell cycle control system

A

A cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle

58
Q

A checkpoint in the cell cycle…

A

Is the control point where stop and go ahead signals can regulate the cycle

59
Q

Three major checkpoints

A

Are found in the G1 G2 and M phases

60
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

If a cell receives a go ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint it will usually complete G1, S, G2, and M phases and divide; if it does not receive a go ahead signal at that point the cell will enter the G0 phase

61
Q

Not dividing cells may exit the cell cycle or hold at a particular stage of the cell cycle

A

.

62
Q

Cell cycle checkpoints are controlled by

A

Cyclins and protein kinases

63
Q

Cyclin

A

Cellular protein that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle

64
Q

Protein kinases

A

Enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them

65
Q

Certain protein kinases give the go ahead at what checkpoints

A

G1 and G2

66
Q

To be active, protein kinases must be attached to

A

A cyclin. Because of this requirement, these kinases are called cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks)

67
Q

Mitosis-promoting factor

A

When cyclins that accumulate during G2 associate with Cdk molecules, the resulting MPF complex phosphorylates a variety of proteins

68
Q

The MPF complex phosphorylates a variety of proteins, initiating mitosis

A

Cyclins must be present in large concentration to create the MPF

69
Q

Growth factor

A

Approaching released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide

70
Q

A growth factor made by platelets that stimulates division of fibroblasts, a type of connective tissue that helps heal wounds

A

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

71
Q

Loss of cell cycle control

A

Cancer cells do not heed the normal signals that regulate the cell cycle. They divide excessively and invade other tissues. Stop dividong at random points rather thancheckpoints

72
Q

Cancer cells evade the normal controls that trigger a cell to undergo

A

Apoptosis when something is wrong

73
Q

Meiosis

A

Process of cell divisoon that produces haploid reproductive cells called gametes

74
Q

Fertilization

A

The union of haploid reproductive cells creating a zygote

75
Q

Zygote

A

Combo of two gametes to give a diploid cell

76
Q

How many divisions in meiosis

A

2

77
Q

What happens to number of chromosomes in meiosis

A

Reduced from diploid 2n to haploid 1n

78
Q

Meiosis results in

A

4 different haploid eggs or sperm

79
Q

Prophase 1 of meiosis

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up in a process called synapsis

80
Q

Tetrad

A

Each pair of homologous chromosomes

81
Q

Crossing over

A

During synapsis, chromatids may twist around each other and trade places during prophase 1

82
Q

Metaphase 1 in meiosis

A

Tetrads line up randomly along the metaphase plate

83
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Homologous chromosomes are separated and each one moves to an opposite pole

84
Q

Telophase 1

A

Homologous chromosomes reach opposite ends and cytokinesis begins
Cell is now haploid but still has 2 sister chromatids

85
Q

Reproduction processes that increase gentic variation are evolutionary conserved and are shared by various orgs

A

Crossing over, random orientation of chromosomes, random fertilization, and mutations all lead to genetic variation

AP Bio T1 (9 decks)

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