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AP Bio T1 > Chapters 6,7 > Flashcards

Chapters 6,7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

A cell that lacks a nucleus, internal membranes, and other organelles

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2
Q

Nucleoid

A

Where circular dna is contained in prokaryotic cell

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3
Q

All prokaryotes have…

A

Dna, rna, a plasma membrane, cell wall, and ribosomes

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4
Q

Ex prokaryote

A

Bacteria

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5
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

Cell that contains a membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

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6
Q

Ex eukaryotic cells

A

Cells of plants animals protists and fungi

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7
Q

Why is eukaryotic bigger than prokaryotic

A

Bc eukaryotic cells have an internal membrane system which partitions the cell into compartments

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8
Q

Most cells are how big

A

Less than 100um

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9
Q

Key factor that limits the size of a cell

A

Surface area to volume ratio

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10
Q

As cells increases in volume, what happens to SA

A

Decreases along w the demand for material resources increasing bc more cellular structures are needed to adequately exchange materials and energy w the environment

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11
Q

By keeping the SA to volume ratio ______ cells can maintain themselves more easily

A

Higher

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12
Q

A small cell size means

A
  • Substances w in the cell do not need to travel as far, which allows substances to move w in the cell in a quicker and more efficent manner
  • communication signals dont need to travel as far which increases the speed in which they occur
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13
Q

What do internal membranes in eukaryotes do

A

Faciliate cellular processed by minimizing competing interactions and by increasing surface area where reactions can occur

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14
Q

Membranes and membrane bound organelles in eurkaryotes do what

A

Localize (compartmentalize) intracellular metabolic processes and specific enzymatic reactions which increase metabolic efficiency

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15
Q

Organelles that contribute to overall specialization and functioning of the cell

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
And membrane bound organelles

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16
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Outer boundary of the cell that controls how easily things pass in and out of the cell (selectively permeable)

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17
Q

What makes up plasma membrane

A

Lipid bilayer, composed of lipids and proteins

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18
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The fluid filled region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

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19
Q

Cytoplasm consists of

A

the organelles of the cell and a semi-fluid medium called the cytosol

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20
Q

Cytosol

A

Semi fluid medium in the cytoplasm

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21
Q

Nucleus surrounded by

A

Nuclear envelope

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22
Q

Nucleus stores

A

Hereditary info in DNA in chromosomes

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23
Q

Chromosomes

A

Discrete units that dna is organized into

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24
Q

Chromatin

A

Material chromosomes are made of which is a complex of proteins and DNA

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25
Q

Within the nucleus, protein synthesis is initiated by

A

Making mRNA from a DNA template

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26
Q

Nucleolus

A

A structure within the nucleus where components of ribosomes are made and assembled

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27
Q

Ribosomes

A

Tiny organelles that carry out protein synethesis

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28
Q

Most numerous organelle

A

Ribosome

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29
Q

Ribosomes are made of

A

Proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) no membrane though

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30
Q

Where are ribosomes at

A

Many are free in the cytosol while others are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
Found in both euk. And prok. Also found in mitocondria and chloroplasts

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31
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Network of membranes and sacs w a wide range of functions

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32
Q

Smooth ER

A

Called smooth er bc they do not have ribosomes on the surface

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33
Q

Function of smooth ER

A

Making lipids (phospholipids and steroids), metabolism of carbs, detox of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions

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34
Q

Rough ER

A

Called rough ER bc they have ribosomes on the surface

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35
Q

Function of rough ER

A

To compartmentalize the cells, serves as mechanical support, functions in protein synthesis, and intracellular transport

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36
Q

How does rough ER do intracellular transport

A

Packages the proteins that they make into vesicles, which can then be transported throughout the cell

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37
Q

Golgi complex (or golgi apparatus)

A

Functions of the golgi complex include the synthesis and packaging of materials for transport

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38
Q

What makes up golgi complex

A

Cisternae (flattened membranous sacs)

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39
Q

Other things about golgi

A

Considered UPS of cell - manufactures many carbs - also produces lysosomes- works w rough ER and vesicles to synthesize and isolate proteins for secretion or for use in the cell

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40
Q

Lysosome

A

Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses in the digestion of macromolecules, the recycling of a cell’s organic materials and programmed cell death (apoptosis)

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41
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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42
Q

Lysosomes digest bacteria and are able to recycle damaged organelles

A

.

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43
Q

Vacuole

A

Membrane bound sac that plays a role in storage, intracellular digestion, and the release of cellular waste

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44
Q

Contractile vacuole

A

Found in freshwater protists and is used to pump excess water out of the cell

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45
Q

Rate of contraction for contractile vacuole is dependent on

A

The osmolarity of the water- higher the salt concentration the less the protist has to use the contractile vacuole

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46
Q

Central vacuole

A

large sac found in mature plant cells- allows for a large surface area to volume ratio

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47
Q

Vacuoles store

A

Enzymes proteins ions water wastes pigments and poisons

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48
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of cellular respiration

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49
Q

What do mitochondria specialize in

A

Energy capture and transformation

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50
Q

How is ATP generated

A

By extracting energy from organic compounds (sugars, fats)

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51
Q

Where mitchondria found

A

Nearly all euk. cells including plants, animals, fungi, and protists

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52
Q

Where are the DNA and ribosomes of mitochondria

A

In the mitochondria

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53
Q

Membranes of mitochondria

A

Have inner and outer membrane allowing for compartmentalization

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54
Q

Cristae

A

Folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria

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55
Q

Cristae contains

A

Enzymes important to ATP production and also increases the surface area for ATP production

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56
Q

Texture of mitochondria outer membrane

A

Smooth

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57
Q

Chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis

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58
Q

Role of chloroplasts in photosynthesis

A

Capture and convert light energy into stored chemical energy in the form of organic compounds (glucose)

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59
Q

Chloroplasts produce

A

Small amounts of ATP

60
Q

Chloroplasts are found

A

In plant cells and algae

61
Q

Chloroplasts contain (5)

A

Chlorophylls and their own DNA and ribosomes and thylakoids and stroma

62
Q

Chlorophylls

A

Pigments that are key light trapping molecules in photosynthesis

63
Q

Chloroplasts are surrounded by

A

Double membrane that created a compartmentalized structure, which supports its function

64
Q

Peroxisome

A

Membrane bound compartment that contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen

65
Q

Peroxisomes break down

A

Fatty acids and deoxify alcohol in the liver

66
Q

Peroxisomes produce

A

Hydrogen peroxide as a by product

67
Q

Peroxisomes contain

A

Catalase to breakdown H2O2

68
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm which plays a role in support motility and regulation

69
Q

Cytoskeleton made up of

A

Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

70
Q

What does cytoskelton do

A

Maintains the size and shape of the cell, helps the entire cell move and helps organelles move w in the cell

71
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow tubes that help shape and support the cell along w helping in the cell and organelle movement

72
Q

Centrosome

A

Region near the nucleus that is considered the microtubule organizing center

73
Q

Centrioles

A

Cylinders of microtubules that are involved in the movement of chromosomes during cell division

74
Q

Centrioles are found

A

In animal cells only

75
Q

Cilia

A

Short hair like extensions that use motor proteins and assist in movement

76
Q

Flagella

A

Long hair like extensions that use motor proteins and assist in movement

77
Q

Structures that contain microtubules

A

Centrioles
Cilia
Flagella

78
Q

Where/How many cilia in a cell

A

Hundreds of cilia on the surface of the cell

79
Q

Where/How many flagella

A

Only 1 flagella on the surface of the cell

80
Q

Microfilaments

A

Also called actin filaments, solid rods made up of two actin filaments twisted around each other

81
Q

What do microfilaments do

A

Help maintain the cell shape, help in muscle contraction and cell movement, and to form the cleavage furrow during cell division

82
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Made up of fibrous proteins called keratin, which are supercoiled into thick cables

83
Q

What do intermediate filaments do

A

Reinforce the shape of the cell and anchor the organelles in place

84
Q

Cell wall

A

Cell walls protect plant cells, help maintain shape, and prevent excessive uptake of water

85
Q

Cell walls are found in what

A

Prokaryotes, protists, fungi, and plants

86
Q

Plant cell walls are made of

A

Cellulose

87
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Open channels in the cell wall of plant cells through which cytoplasm moves connecting adjacent channels

88
Q

What passes through the plasmodesmata

A

Water, solutes, proteins RNA all pass through the plasmodesmata from cell to cell

89
Q

Gap junctions

A

Communicating junctions in animal cells that allow the passage of material between cells

90
Q

What cells have a plasma membrane

A

All cells have a plasma membrane

91
Q

Plasma membrane structure

A

Made of phospholipid bilayer

92
Q

What causes selective permeable-ness of plasma membrane

A

Hydrophillic heads and hydrophobic tails

93
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Model that describes membranes as acting more like a fluid than a solid

94
Q

Membrane consistency:

A

Salad oil- phospholipids and proteins are able to move laterally along the plane of the membrane

95
Q

Cholesterol

A

Steroids that are wedged between the phospholipid molecules in the plasma membrane

96
Q

How is cholesterol a temperature buffer for the membrane

A

At warm: makes mem less fluid by restraining movement of phospholipids-preventing it from melting
At cold: hinders the close packing of phospholipids which prevents the membrane from freezing when the cell temp drops

97
Q

Integral proteins

A

proteins that are embedded in the middle of the phospholipid membrane which aids in transport of molecules in and out of the cell

98
Q

Where are intergral proteins

A

Span the hydrophobic interior and stick out into the hydrophillic exterior

99
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Proteins found on the outer surface of the phospholipid bilayer

100
Q

Where are peripheral proteins usually

A

Bound to intergral proteins

101
Q

Functions of intergral and peripheral proteins

A

Help transport molecules across the membrane, some work as enzymes, signal transduction (hormone reception), cell to cell recognition, join cells together, attachment to the cytoskeleton to give the cell a stronger framework

102
Q

Carbs role in membrane

A

Found on the outer surface of the phospholipid bilayer, function in cell recognition

103
Q

Glycolipids role in membrane

A

Combo of carbs and lipids that help cells recognize other cells

104
Q

Glycoproteins role in membrane

A

Combo of carbs and proteins that help the cell recognize other cells

105
Q

What kind of molecules pass through the easiest

A

Small hydrophobic (nonpolar) and uncharged

106
Q

What type of molecules have difficulty passing the membrane

A

Large hydrophillic (polar) charged molecules and ions

107
Q

Transport proteins

A

Proteins embedded in the membrane that help large hydrophillic polar charged particles cross the membrane

108
Q

Are transport proteins active or passive transport

A

Both

109
Q

Transport proteins are specific in the molecules they move

A

.

110
Q

Passive transport

A

Movement of substances across the membrane without the use of energy

111
Q

During passive transport, substances travel

A

From an an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (down the concentration gradient)

112
Q

Passive transport plays a primary role in

A

the import of resources and the export of wastes

113
Q

Types of passive transport

A

Simple diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion

114
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Spontaneous tendency of molecules to spread out evenly into the available space

115
Q

Ex simple diffusion

A

Perfume spreading out in a room

116
Q

Osmosis

A

Requires water to diffuse across a semi permeable membrane

117
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Spontaneous passage of hydrophillic molecules/ions across a membrane with the help of specific carrier proteins

118
Q

Adv of facilitated diffusion

A

Allows substances to be transported across membrane faster than normal

119
Q

Proteins used in facilitated diffusion

A

Channel proteins or carrier proteins

120
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Solution with a higher concentration of solutes

121
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Solution with a lower concentration of solutes

122
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Solutions that have equal concentrations with no net movement of water across the membrane

123
Q

Water moves

A

From a Hypotonic solution to hypertonic solution

124
Q

Osmoregulagion

A

Control of water balance within a cell

125
Q

4 states a cell can be in depending on how much water it contains

A

Turgid
Lysis
Flaccid
Plasmolysis

126
Q

Turgid

A

When a cell contains enough water to keep it firm without bursting

127
Q

Lysis

A

When a cell takes in too much water and bursts

128
Q

Flaccid

A

When a cell loses water causing the cell to lose turgor or firmness

129
Q

Plasmolysis

A

When a cell loses water and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall

130
Q

Active transport

A

Movement or pumping of molecules across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient

131
Q

During active transport molecules move from area of what to what

A

Low to high

132
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

Carrier protein that actively transports 2 K+ ions into the cell and 3 Na+ ions out of the cell

133
Q

Membrane potential

A

Difference in charge created by the sodium potassium pump creates a voltage across the membrane

134
Q

Average cell voltage

A

-50-(-200) mV across the membrane

135
Q

Electrogenic pump

A

Pump that used transport proteins and genersted a voltage across the membrane

136
Q

Proton pump

A

Pump that transports hydrogen ionns (protons) across the membrane

137
Q

Cotransport

A

Occurs when a substance is pumped across a membrane and does work as it diffuses back across the membrane

138
Q

Cotransport is used in the production of

A

ATP

139
Q

Endocytosis

A

Process by which cells ingest external fluid, macromolecules, and large proteins

140
Q

Process of endocytosis

A

Part of cell membrane pinches off and the outside materials are then held in a new vesicle

141
Q

What does endocytosis/exocytosis do to size of cell

A

Endocytosis: decreases cell size
Exocytosis: increases cell size

142
Q

Phagocytosis

A

When the cell engulfs large particles such as bacteria or viruses

143
Q

Pinocytosis

A

When the cell engulfs smaller solutes or fluids

144
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

When a cell engulfs molecules into a vesicle containing proteins w/receptor sites for specific molecules

145
Q

Exocytosis

A

Used to release substances from the cell

146
Q

Process of exocytosis

A

Internal vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents outside the cell

AP Bio T1 (9 decks)

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