Chapters 9-10 Flashcards
What were the preconditions to the Black Plague?
Increased food supply from the 3 field system led to overpopulation, famine, and a high percentage of unemployed people.
When was the Black Plague present in Europe?
1347-1351
What were some popular remedies for the plague?
Aromatic amulets, moderate/temperate life, promiscuity, and flagellants
Give examples of economic consequences of the plague
Low demand for agricultural products, more money into cities, land converted to pastures
Give examples of social consequences of the plague
Skilled artisans were more valued and the church lost political power but gained revenue, higher value in peasants
How long was the Hundred Years’ War?
1337-1453 (116 years)
What was the Hundred Years’ War?
A war between France and England caused by dynastic rivalries and conflict over the French throne.
Who was Edward III?
The king of England who had claims to the French throne causing war.
Treaty of Troyes
1420 the English disinherited the Dauphin (Charles VII) so Henry V gets both thrones but dies before he can.
Who was Charles VII?
Dauphin-in-hiding who lets Joan of Arc do her thang
Joan of Arc
A 17 year old illiterate peasant who in 1429 repulsed the English at the Battle of Orleans.
Pope Boniface VIII
Tried to establish religious authority over secular authority from 1294-1303
Unam Sanctam
In 1302 pope Boniface asserted that worldly authority is subject to spiritual authority.
Philip IV “the Fair”
Resisted Pope Boniface’s attempt to have church>monarchy.
The Avignon Papacy
French influence in the Cardinals issued annates (taxes) and indulgences. Also called the Babylonian Captivity
The Great Schism
Pope Urban VI rejects the new papal court system and rivals French Pope Clement VII. Both rejected Pope Alexander V in the Conciliar Theory (1378-1417)
John Wycliffe
(1324-1384) an English philosopher pressed for royal>secular pope. Pragmatic realist and religious authority also counted on merits not wealth. Donatiam
Defender of Peace
Written by Marsilius if Padua in 1324 said there would be punishment in next life for first life sins and Popes are subject to secular authority
John Huss
“Hussites” believed in Donatism and questioned mystical happenings
Conciliarism
A hierarchy of the church with representatives overseeing pope. Councils>pope. Attempted at the council of Pisa but resulted in 3 popes
Council of Constance
(1414-1417) removed all three popes and elected through the council a new one. sacrosancta is council>pope
What was the Statute of Laborers?
Limited wages to pre plague levels and made it difficult for peasants to leave their farms
Council of Basel
(1431-1449) compromised with Hussites “Four Articles of Prague” and weakened church for more reformation opportunities.
The Italian Renaissance
Rebirth of classical thought, a revival if ancient learning, gradual release if the full whole nature of man, a prototype for the modern world, transition from Medieval times to modern times
Humanism
The study of Latin and Greek classics as well as the ancient church with the hope of reviving ancient norms and values
Francisco Petrarch
Father of Humanism
Leonardo as Vinci
L’uomo universale. The Vitruvian Man, Virgin of the Rocks, Mona Lisa
Raphael
The Modonnas, Liberation of St Peter, School of Athens
Michelangelo
David, the Pieta, Sistine chapel, Last Judgment
Giotto
Transitioned art from Medieval to Renaissance art.
Treaty of Lodi
Alliances between Naples, Florence, Milan, and the Papal States with Venice
Ludovico il Moro
Duke of Milan who invited the French to go through Milan to take Naples.
1st French Invasion
1495-Led by Charles VIII-retreats at the formation of the League of Venice
The League of Venice
1495-Alliance between Spain, Venice, Papal States, (eventually) Milan and the Holy Roman Empire in response to the 1st invasion.
2nd French Invasion
Pope Alexander VI of the Borgia Family invited Louis XII to help secure land after the Pope abandons the League of Venice. The French and Spanish split Naples.
3rd French Invasion
Francis I at the Battle at Marignano defeats the Swiss. 1516- Pope Julius II presented the Concordat of Bologna
Concordat of Bologna
1516-Allowed the French king to have control over French clergy (Gallican Liberties). The Papacy could collect annates and kept France Catholic.
Pope Julius II
“Warrior Pope” who created the Holy League and instituted the Swiss guard.
Niccolo Machiavelli
Nationalist, Humanist, and Republican who wrote “The Prince” in 1513 to the Medici family so that they could hopefully unify Italy. “The ends justify the means,” “It is better to be feared than loved.”
Factors leading Feudal to National Monarchies
Black Death, 100 Years’ War, Alliance between the king and town, the Great Schism
War of Roses
Battle for throne: 1455-1485 - Lancester v. York. Henry VI (Lancaster), Edward IV (York) Richard III (Mean uncle guy-York) ends with Tudor Dynasty (Henry VII)
Valois dynasty
Philip VI (1st of Valois), Charles VII, Louis XI dissolves Burgundy.
Louis XI
Dissolve Burgundy, National postal system, expanded trade.industry, checked nobility’s power
Union of Castile and Aragon
Isabella and Ferdinand combine two largest states in Spain. French and Portugal opposed it.
Ferdinand and Isabella’s accomplishments
Christianize land, secure borders, exploration, subdue disloyal factions (with the Hermandad)
One v. Many
France, England and Spain-One won. Holy Roman Empire-the Many victorious
Representative Assemblies
Estates General-France
HRE-Riechstag
Cortes-Spain
Parliament-England
Northern Humanists characteristics
Various social statuses, Religious change, printing press
Erasmus
Netherland, Adages (“Leave no stone unturned,” “Where there is smoke, there is fire.”, Philosophia Christi, Greek/Latin translations of New Testaments. “Laid the egg Luther hatched”
Northern Humanists
More-England Lefevre/Bude-France Rudolf/Reuchlin-Germany Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros-Spain Erasmus-Netherlands
Printing Press
Created by Johann von Gutenberg
Slaves in Portugal
150,000 take from Portugal to Europe
European discoveries
Prince Henry-Northern Africa Amerigo Vespucci-Named America after him Bartholomew-Cape of Good Hope de Gama-Trade route to India Magellan-Circumnavigate the globe
Aztec Empire
Central America (Mexico and south)-defeated by Cortes
Boartolome de Las Casas
Believed the treatment of slaves/natives is bad
Pizzaro’s Conquest
Took South America-Andean-(Peru to Chile)- took over the Incas
Labor Servitude in Latin America
The encomienda system, Repartimiento
3 components of colonial economy of Latin America
Mining, Shipping, Agriculture
Consequences of European Exploration
Inflation, Economic Growth, Spanish political power, more plant/animals, disease
Papal Plentitude of Power
Gaves popes power over central power with political-not spiritual-goals. Disposed of benefactors.
Ausculta fili
“Listen my Son” asserts that God made the Pope>King in 1301
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
1438-Gallican Liberties-wanted National conrol of church affairs
Babylonian Captivity
Avignon papacy-indulgences for material interest in Church
The Great Schism
From 1378-1417-Pope Urban VI and Pope Clement VII battled for power
Council of Pisa
Attempted to use Conciliarism-removed both popes but neither recognized the council
Professions of Humanists
Teachers, playwrights, poets, secrataries
Baldassare Castiglione
Civic Humanist who wrote the Book of the Courtier
Dante Alighieri
Humanist who wrote the Divine Comedy
Giovanni Boccaccio
Wrote the Decameron
Christine de Pisan
The Treasure of the City of Ladies
