Chapters 15-17 Flashcards by Jennifer Ban

Old Regime

Social, political, economic relationships in France before 1789

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18th century Aristocracy

1-5% of population, wealthiest sector, separate parliament, influenced social and political life, willing to invest in innovations, power in parliamentary system

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French nobility

“of the sword” “of the robe”, w/ royal court or not, exempt from taille, vingtieme(land tax), corvees, exclusive hunting rights. Poland-prevent centralization. Junkers (prussia) Szlachtas (poland) Boyars (Russian)

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Aristocratic Resurgence

Nobility reacting to threat to positions; made it more difficult to become a noble, institutions against monarchy, more tax exemptions

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Economic basis

Agrarian, land, wheat

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English Game Laws

Benefit of household, landed gentry, royals, aristocrats, regulate could/couldn’t hunt on land

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Family economy characteristics

Basic unit of production/consumption, servants, NW-nuclear, E-extended, serfdom, subsistence

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Concerns of women

Establish/maintain household

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Children

Sent to wet nurses, worked, economic burden, upper class got education, foundling hospitals

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Bread prices

Rose slowly and steadily

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Agricultural methods used by Dutch

Dykes (dams) Polders (drained ocean land) clover and turnips, fertilizer

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Population 1700-1800

1700-120 million 1800-190 million

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Crops introduced from New World

Cloer, turnips to replenish iron, animal fodder, potato, more crops/acre, more children surviving

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Innovations/Contributors to Ag Revolution

Jethro Tull-Iron plow, seed, drill. “Turnip” Charles Townsend-fertilizer, crop rotation. Robert Bake well-selective breeding

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Enclosure Movement

Consolidate land to enclose available land, replaced 2-3 Open Field System, commercialized agriculture

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Open-Field System

2-3 Field system (one land left blank)

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Cause/Effect/Characteristics of consumer revolution

More demand from more people, more income, disposable money, entrepreneurs, marketing (josiah wedgwood) arked by ag. Rev –> captialism

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Most important industry in Industrial Revolution

Textile

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Water frame

1769-Richard Arkwright-make woven fabric pure cotton led to small factories

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Spinning jenny

1765-James Hargreaves-16 then 120 in 1800 times faster

Flying shuttle

1730s-John Kay-weave fabric faster (created bottleneck)

Power Loom

1780s-steam powered replaced water frame. Edmund Cartwright–> Urban factories

Steam Engine Uses

Boats, machinery, mining, textile/cotton, construction, iron, RR, Agriculture

Impact of Steam Engine

Better efficiency, inexhaustable, inanimate, increased/regularized energy-commercialization and heavy industry

Inventors of Steam Engine

Thomas Newcomen (for mining) James Watts (improved to be adaptable)

Henry Cort and Iron production

Improved puddling-increase iron production | 1700-25,000 tons --> 1800->100,000 tons

Putting-out system

Textile production, handmade, inefficient, domestic/putting-out system, merchant-->thread-->weave-->stitch

Why England for Industrial Revolution

Resources, colonies, free-trade, London, international market, social mobility, stable economy

Location of Jewish population

Ghettos, Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine

Impact of Ag and Indutrial Revolutions on Women

diminished role in workforce--> domestic roles/less skilled, lower wages, cottage industry

Stages of European contact since Renaissance

Discovery, mercantilism, imperialism, de-colonization

Factors letting European nations to Domination

Mercantilism, superior technology, large navy/army

Main rivals in colonization

Spain, England, France

Mercantilism

Economic theory that nations depend on supply of captial

Purpose of colonies and home country in Mercantilism

Provide for mother country

Peninsulares

Spanish people in American (born in Spain)

Purpose of Spanish Empire until mid-18th century

Supply Spain w/ precious metals

Creole

Spanish person born in America but Spanish decent

Areas of conflict

Colonies, Central/Eastern Europe

War of Jenkins' Ear

1739-1748-West Indies, England+Spain-opened conflicts between 3 major powers

War of Austrian Succession

1740-1748-Frederick II invades Silesia-Prussia gets Silesia

Alliances and Diplomatic Revolution of 1756

Switch to British w/ Prussia, France w/ Austria

Seven Years' War victors

Globally-British, Prussia as a nation

Stamp Act

Increase revenue for Britain for debt

Intolerable Acts

Closed Boston port, reorganize MA gov. Quartering troops, customs agents tried in British courts

"Common Sense"

Thomas Paine-1776-Unite colonies against Brtitish

Outcomes of American Revolution

Freedom for everyone except slaves, Native Americans, women

Reasons for resentment against British taxes

No popular soverignity

Ideas /events of basis of American ideals

Glorious Revolution, John Locke, Montesquieu, commonwealthmen