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AP European History > Chapters 13-14 > Flashcards

Chapters 13-14 Flashcards

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1
Q

16th and 17th century Netherlands

A

1572-became a republic w/ 7 provinces, Calvinism, R Catholicism, Protestantism, Jewish haven. Republic government.

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2
Q

Dutch prosperity and decline

A

More urban consolidation, transformed ag, extensive trade/finance, oversea commercial empire. William III of Orange dies leaving no unified political leadership

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3
Q

Two models of European government

A

Absolutism (right to rule from God) and Parliamentary(depend on Parliament for the right to rule.)

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4
Q

Characteristics of Absolute rule

A

Divine right to the throne, don’t have to consider the representative assembly

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5
Q

James I facts

A

Son of Mary Queen of Scots, Catholic Sympathies. Rarely called on Parliament-first Stuart monarch. Impositions (taxes)

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6
Q

James I Religious policy

A

1604-Hampton Court Conference-Rebuffed Puritans. Led to an exodus of Puritans going to America for freedom. Published his version of the Bible

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7
Q

James I Foreign Policy

A

Makes peace with Spain, relax penal law to Protestants. Reluctant to send aid to Netherlands in 30 Year’s War. Charles I (son) married to Catholic daughter of Henry VI

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8
Q

Charles I’s extra-parliamentary measures

A

Renewed old taxes, levied new taxes, Quartering troops

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9
Q

Petition of Right

A

1628-Only allowed Parliament to levy taxes

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10
Q

Religious policies of Charles I

A

Religious unity War

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11
Q

Bishops’ War

A

1639-1640 “Short Parliament” for $

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12
Q

“Long Parliament”

A

1640-1660-Impeached and executed Stafford and Laud. Tirenal Act-Require to meet every 3 years. Forced limited monarchy. Militia Ordinance-gave Parliament right to raise an army

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13
Q

Earl of Stafford

A

Chief adviser to Charles I-centralized monarch power from 1629-1640

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14
Q

William Laud

A

Archbishop-Tried imposing episcopal system on all religions, leading to Bishops War

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15
Q

English Civil War

A

1642-1646-Cavaliers-Gentlemen’s warfare. Roundheads-Scottish alliance and New Model Army. 1648-Pride’s Purge

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16
Q

The New Model Army

A

Guerrilla warfare, more unethical but more effective. Alliance to Scotland committed Parliament to Presbyterian church government.

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17
Q

Pride’s Purge

A

1648-Pro-royalist pushed out king’s side Parliament-left with “rump parliament”

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18
Q

Charles I execution

A

Executed on January 30, 1649

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19
Q

Oliver Cromwell

A

Official Puritan republic (1649-1660)-captured Scotland and Ireland. “Lord Protector.” Disbanded Parliament in 1653. Dies in 1658

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20
Q

Charles II Restoration of the Monarchy

A

1660-1685-Anglican instead of Puritan-return to status quo of 1642, secret Catholic sympathies

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21
Q

Clarendon Code

A

Ultra-royalists in Parliament exclude Roman Catholics, Presbyterians, and Independents from official religious and political life

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22
Q

Treaty of Dover

A

1670-England and France allied against the Dutch (commercial competitor). Charles announce conversion to Catholicism–> Louis XIV pays subsidy

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23
Q

Test Act

A

Require civil and military officials to swear against transubstantiation

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24
Q

The Popish Plot

A

1678-Titus Oates (liar) said king’s wife is plotting with Jesuits and Irishmen to kill the king so James (brother) gets throne

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25
Q

Declaration of Indulgence

A

1687-James I suspended the Test Act and permit free worship

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26
Q

The Glorious Revolution

A

1688-WIlliam and Mary signed English BIll of Rights. Toleration Act of 1689 (only Protestants). Promised limited government

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27
Q

Act of Settlement

A

1701-Ensure throne maintains Protestantism-goes to German House of Hanover

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28
Q

Act of Union

A

1707-Made Great Britain (not Northern Ireland)

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29
Q

Robert Walpole

A

Controlled Parliament, royal patronage, pro-royalist, limited monarchy. Established trade with India. Built great navy, got rid of standing army, religious toleration

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30
Q

Cardinal Armand Richelieu

A

Chief Minister to Louis XIII-“heavy-handed centralization”-crush feudal armies

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31
Q

Louis XIV and French nobility

A

Invited them to Versailles-seem like they have a voice in Parelments but notrly

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32
Q

Louis XIV

A

1643-1715-Versailles symbolizes absolutism, religious conformity. Jansenism banned, abandoned Gallican Liberties, Sun King

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33
Q

Religious policies of Louis XIV

A

Abandon Gallican Liberties, Jansenism, Revocation of the Edict of Nantes/Edict of Fontainbleau

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34
Q

Jansenists

A

“Catholic” opposing Jesuit. “Original sin” Predestination, Strict moral life, oppose absolutism

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35
Q

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

A

Huguenots ministers exiled unless–> Catholic. Protestants forced to servitude unless–> Catholic. Protestants who refused-children baptized

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36
Q

Finance Minister of Louis XIV

A

Jean-Baptiste Colbert (mercantilism)

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37
Q

Wars fought by Louis XIV

A

War of Devolution (1667-8)-Spanish dowry. Franco-Ducth War (1672-79) Nine Years’ War (1689-97)-Alsace. War of Spanish Succession- (1701-1714)-Unite Spain and France

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38
Q

Le Fronde

A

1649-1652-Rebels spear-headed by nobles, some clergy, and townspeople. Peasants join in. Widespread rebellion

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39
Q

War of Spanish Succession

A

Grandson Philip V succeeds Charles II

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40
Q

After Louis XIV

A

John Law messed up fiscal-Mississippi Bubble

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41
Q

John Law

A

Print paper money for stocks, trade coins-into Mississippi Company-not enough coins-MS Bubble-Depression

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42
Q

17th Century Central and Eastern Europe

A

Economically less advanced, agrarian, fewer cities, weak political authority, shifting loyalties, no oversea empires or trade

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43
Q

Dynasties of Central and Eastern Europe

A

Austrian Hapsburg, Hohenzollern (Prussia)

44
Q

17th Century Poland Politics

A

“Elective monarchy”-foreigners and tool of foreign power made it non-elective. Sejm-Liberum veto (Member opposition could require body to disband)

45
Q

Pragmatic Sanction

A

Depend less on cooperation of empires. Haspburg Empire-Consolidated power outside of HRE

46
Q

Rulers of Prussia

A

(r. 1640-1688)-Frederick William “The Great Elector”-established central uniting power
(r. 1688-1713)-Frederick I-War of Spanish Succession-Let HRE control his army for title “King in Prussia”
(r. 1713-1740)-Frederick William I-Army and monarchy 1 entity-huge army
(r. 1740-1786)-Frederick II/Great-Invade Silesia-create Austrian-Prussian rivalry

47
Q

Junkers

A

German noble landlords-dominated army officer crops. “Junker Nobility” made army+monarchy 1-military priorities

48
Q

Reign of Ivan IV in Russia

A

“Time of Troubles”-Michael Romanov

49
Q

Boyars

A

Influential nobles

50
Q

Warm-water port before Peter the Great

A

White sea port Archangel

51
Q

Romanov dynasty

A

1613-1917

52
Q

Streltsy

A

Military elite officers of Moscow

53
Q

Peter I (r. 1682-1725)

A

~to Louis XIV-Centralize, tame boyars and streltsy, miklitarization

54
Q

“Westernization”

A

Brought western ideals-assimilate to western culture

55
Q

Streltsy Uprising

A

(1698)-Insurgents tortured and executed-dispel thoughts of rebellion. Drafted 300,000 troops for army loyal to him

56
Q

Warm-Water Port Quest

A

The Great Northern War (1700-1721)-Sweden-Battle of Poltava-Peace of Nystad-Gave Russia, Estonia, Lavonia, Finland-secured warm-water port

57
Q

St. Petersburg

A

New capital of empire modeled after Versailles. Made boyars to live there

58
Q

Reforms of Peter the Great

A

8 Administrative Colleges-Place Boyars and Russian Orthodox Church under him-expand royal bureaucracy. Table of Ranks-Changed requirements of royal status. The Holy Synod-Religious government body-bishops loyal to Peter-replace patriarch

59
Q

Peter the Great’s Legacy

A

Expanded territory, Warm water port on Baltic, title gone from noble and elite, Made Russia relevant, didn’t form a stable modern state

60
Q

The Scientific Revolution differs from most revolutions

A

Different way of thinking about old ideas, slow, few hundred people, informal/unorganized, widespread in subject and geography

61
Q

Major focus of the scientific revolution

A

Astronomy

62
Q

What were scientists called?

A

Natural philosphers

63
Q

Ptolemaic System

A

Geocentrism-used physical cosmology of Aristotle and mathematic astronomy from Ptolemy. Catholic Church made it doctrine

64
Q

Geocentrism

A

Believed scripturally. Used Epicycles and Deferents to expalin apparent backward motion of planets

65
Q

Nicholaus Copernicus

A

Polish astronomer and priest. Heliocentrism

66
Q

Copernicus’ literary work

A

1543-“On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”-said sun is at the center

67
Q

Tycho Brahe

A

Denmark astronomer-last naked eye astronomer. Mixed Geo+Helio-Mercury and Venus revolved around the Sun, which in turn revolves around the earth-advocate geo. Recorded astronomical data

68
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

1609-“The New Astronomy”-eliptical orbits

69
Q

Galileo Galilei

A

1609-Improved the telescope. Named stars of Jupiter “Medici Stars” Justify everything mathematically

70
Q

Galileo’s literary works

A

“Letters on Sunspots”, “Starry Messenger”, “Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems”

71
Q

Isaac Newton

A

1687-“Principia Mathematica”-Universal gravitation. Empiricism.

72
Q

Mechanism

A

See world as clock and God is great watchmaker. Before, seed is symbolic-now improving life not salvation

73
Q

Francis Bacon

A

“Father of Empiricism”-Scientific Method. Specific–>General. 1620-Novum Organum. Utilitarian. Men of Dogmas and Experiment

74
Q

Rene Descartes

A

French. “Discourse on Method” (1637)-attack scholasticism-use math learning. Deductive reasoning (general–>specific). “I think, therefore I Am”

75
Q

Descartes’ dualism

A

Cartesian dualism-things that occupy space and thought-material things are natural philosphers

76
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

1651-Leviathan-Absolute monarchy best from of gov. Men all selfish

77
Q

John Locke’s literary works

A

“Two Treaties of Government”-1st-denounce patriarchal gov. and divine right, etc. 2nd-favored limited government and natural rights (life, liberty, property, rebel). “Letter Concerning Toleration-optimistic view of people-not Catholic toleration

78
Q

Tabula Rasa

A

The Blank-Slate theory-start of Behaviorism.

79
Q

Women in Scientific Revolution

A

Nonexistent, some overheard courts with scientists

80
Q

Maria Winkelmann

A

Astronomer-discovered a comet in 1702

81
Q

Most famous “Institute of Sharing”

A

Royal Society of London

82
Q

Queen Christina of Sweden

A

Brought Rene Descartes of Stockholm

83
Q

Margaret Cavendish

A

Most accomplished woman

84
Q

Galileo’s trial

A

1633-recanted and under house arrest

85
Q

Blaise Pascal

A

Pensees-There is loving God, Mankind unworthy. Refute Jesuits who minimized sins. Jansenist sympathies. Critical of Deists-not enough faith

86
Q

Pascal’s Wager

A

Better to belive in God than not just in case

87
Q

Physico-theology

A

Religious thought deducted from observing nature. Science–>Rational God–>Rational Humanity–>Scientific Innovation=Better Life

88
Q

Witch Hunts-when, factors, where

A

1400-1700-Plague, Religious turmoil, superstition, villages of western Europe

89
Q

Witch Hunts-Who

A

70-100 thousand executed, 80% women mostly >40 years old, single, widowed, midwives, “Cunning Folk” (healer/herbalist) Malefice

90
Q

Witch Hunts-End

A

End from atrocious severity and scientific revolution

91
Q

Baroque style

A

Natural-17th century

92
Q

Baroque artists

A

Michelangelo Caravaggio, Louis LeNain, Gian Lorenzo Berini, Peter Paul Rubens

93
Q

Baroque monuments

A

St. Peter’s Basilica, Banqueting Hall in London, Versailles

94
Q

Charles I’s execution

A

January 30, 1649

95
Q

English Civil War

A

1642-1646/49

96
Q

Restoration

A

1660

97
Q

Glorious Revolution

A

1688

98
Q

Act of Union

A

1707

99
Q

Pragmatic Sanction

A

1713

100
Q

Great Northern War

A

1700-21

101
Q

Witch Hunts

A

1400-1700

102
Q

Trial of Galileo

A

1633

103
Q

War of Devolution

A

1667-1668

104
Q

Franco-Dutch War

A

1672-79

105
Q

Nine Years’ War

A

1689-1697

106
Q

War of Spanish Succession

A

1701-1714

AP European History (7 decks)

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