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AP European History > Chapters 13-14 > Flashcards

Chapters 13-14 Flashcards

1
Q

16th and 17th century Netherlands

A

1572-became a republic w/ 7 provinces, Calvinism, R Catholicism, Protestantism, Jewish haven. Republic government.

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2
Q

Dutch prosperity and decline

A

More urban consolidation, transformed ag, extensive trade/finance, oversea commercial empire. William III of Orange dies leaving no unified political leadership

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3
Q

Two models of European government

A

Absolutism (right to rule from God) and Parliamentary(depend on Parliament for the right to rule.)

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4
Q

Characteristics of Absolute rule

A

Divine right to the throne, don’t have to consider the representative assembly

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5
Q

James I facts

A

Son of Mary Queen of Scots, Catholic Sympathies. Rarely called on Parliament-first Stuart monarch. Impositions (taxes)

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6
Q

James I Religious policy

A

1604-Hampton Court Conference-Rebuffed Puritans. Led to an exodus of Puritans going to America for freedom. Published his version of the Bible

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7
Q

James I Foreign Policy

A

Makes peace with Spain, relax penal law to Protestants. Reluctant to send aid to Netherlands in 30 Year’s War. Charles I (son) married to Catholic daughter of Henry VI

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8
Q

Charles I’s extra-parliamentary measures

A

Renewed old taxes, levied new taxes, Quartering troops

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9
Q

Petition of Right

A

1628-Only allowed Parliament to levy taxes

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10
Q

Religious policies of Charles I

A

Religious unity War

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11
Q

Bishops’ War

A

1639-1640 “Short Parliament” for $

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12
Q

“Long Parliament”

A

1640-1660-Impeached and executed Stafford and Laud. Tirenal Act-Require to meet every 3 years. Forced limited monarchy. Militia Ordinance-gave Parliament right to raise an army

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13
Q

Earl of Stafford

A

Chief adviser to Charles I-centralized monarch power from 1629-1640

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14
Q

William Laud

A

Archbishop-Tried imposing episcopal system on all religions, leading to Bishops War

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15
Q

English Civil War

A

1642-1646-Cavaliers-Gentlemen’s warfare. Roundheads-Scottish alliance and New Model Army. 1648-Pride’s Purge

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16
Q

The New Model Army

A

Guerrilla warfare, more unethical but more effective. Alliance to Scotland committed Parliament to Presbyterian church government.

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17
Q

Pride’s Purge

A

1648-Pro-royalist pushed out king’s side Parliament-left with “rump parliament”

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18
Q

Charles I execution

A

Executed on January 30, 1649

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19
Q

Oliver Cromwell

A

Official Puritan republic (1649-1660)-captured Scotland and Ireland. “Lord Protector.” Disbanded Parliament in 1653. Dies in 1658

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20
Q

Charles II Restoration of the Monarchy

A

1660-1685-Anglican instead of Puritan-return to status quo of 1642, secret Catholic sympathies

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21
Q

Clarendon Code

A

Ultra-royalists in Parliament exclude Roman Catholics, Presbyterians, and Independents from official religious and political life

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22
Q

Treaty of Dover

A

1670-England and France allied against the Dutch (commercial competitor). Charles announce conversion to Catholicism–> Louis XIV pays subsidy

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23
Q

Test Act

A

Require civil and military officials to swear against transubstantiation

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24
Q

The Popish Plot

A

1678-Titus Oates (liar) said king’s wife is plotting with Jesuits and Irishmen to kill the king so James (brother) gets throne

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25
Declaration of Indulgence
1687-James I suspended the Test Act and permit free worship
26
The Glorious Revolution
1688-WIlliam and Mary signed English BIll of Rights. Toleration Act of 1689 (only Protestants). Promised limited government
27
Act of Settlement
1701-Ensure throne maintains Protestantism-goes to German House of Hanover
28
Act of Union
1707-Made Great Britain (not Northern Ireland)
29
Robert Walpole
Controlled Parliament, royal patronage, pro-royalist, limited monarchy. Established trade with India. Built great navy, got rid of standing army, religious toleration
30
Cardinal Armand Richelieu
Chief Minister to Louis XIII-"heavy-handed centralization"-crush feudal armies
31
Louis XIV and French nobility
Invited them to Versailles-seem like they have a voice in Parelments but notrly
32
Louis XIV
1643-1715-Versailles symbolizes absolutism, religious conformity. Jansenism banned, abandoned Gallican Liberties, Sun King
33
Religious policies of Louis XIV
Abandon Gallican Liberties, Jansenism, Revocation of the Edict of Nantes/Edict of Fontainbleau
34
Jansenists
"Catholic" opposing Jesuit. "Original sin" Predestination, Strict moral life, oppose absolutism
35
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
Huguenots ministers exiled unless--> Catholic. Protestants forced to servitude unless--> Catholic. Protestants who refused-children baptized
36
Finance Minister of Louis XIV
Jean-Baptiste Colbert (mercantilism)
37
Wars fought by Louis XIV
War of Devolution (1667-8)-Spanish dowry. Franco-Ducth War (1672-79) Nine Years' War (1689-97)-Alsace. War of Spanish Succession- (1701-1714)-Unite Spain and France
38
Le Fronde
1649-1652-Rebels spear-headed by nobles, some clergy, and townspeople. Peasants join in. Widespread rebellion
39
War of Spanish Succession
Grandson Philip V succeeds Charles II
40
After Louis XIV
John Law messed up fiscal-Mississippi Bubble
41
John Law
Print paper money for stocks, trade coins-into Mississippi Company-not enough coins-MS Bubble-Depression
42
17th Century Central and Eastern Europe
Economically less advanced, agrarian, fewer cities, weak political authority, shifting loyalties, no oversea empires or trade
43
Dynasties of Central and Eastern Europe
Austrian Hapsburg, Hohenzollern (Prussia)
44
17th Century Poland Politics
"Elective monarchy"-foreigners and tool of foreign power made it non-elective. Sejm-Liberum veto (Member opposition could require body to disband)
45
Pragmatic Sanction
Depend less on cooperation of empires. Haspburg Empire-Consolidated power outside of HRE
46
Rulers of Prussia
(r. 1640-1688)-Frederick William "The Great Elector"-established central uniting power (r. 1688-1713)-Frederick I-War of Spanish Succession-Let HRE control his army for title "King in Prussia" (r. 1713-1740)-Frederick William I-Army and monarchy 1 entity-huge army (r. 1740-1786)-Frederick II/Great-Invade Silesia-create Austrian-Prussian rivalry
47
Junkers
German noble landlords-dominated army officer crops. "Junker Nobility" made army+monarchy 1-military priorities
48
Reign of Ivan IV in Russia
"Time of Troubles"-Michael Romanov
49
Boyars
Influential nobles
50
Warm-water port before Peter the Great
White sea port Archangel
51
Romanov dynasty
1613-1917
52
Streltsy
Military elite officers of Moscow
53
Peter I (r. 1682-1725)
~to Louis XIV-Centralize, tame boyars and streltsy, miklitarization
54
"Westernization"
Brought western ideals-assimilate to western culture
55
Streltsy Uprising
(1698)-Insurgents tortured and executed-dispel thoughts of rebellion. Drafted 300,000 troops for army loyal to him
56
Warm-Water Port Quest
The Great Northern War (1700-1721)-Sweden-Battle of Poltava-Peace of Nystad-Gave Russia, Estonia, Lavonia, Finland-secured warm-water port
57
St. Petersburg
New capital of empire modeled after Versailles. Made boyars to live there
58
Reforms of Peter the Great
8 Administrative Colleges-Place Boyars and Russian Orthodox Church under him-expand royal bureaucracy. Table of Ranks-Changed requirements of royal status. The Holy Synod-Religious government body-bishops loyal to Peter-replace patriarch
59
Peter the Great's Legacy
Expanded territory, Warm water port on Baltic, title gone from noble and elite, Made Russia relevant, didn't form a stable modern state
60
The Scientific Revolution differs from most revolutions
Different way of thinking about old ideas, slow, few hundred people, informal/unorganized, widespread in subject and geography
61
Major focus of the scientific revolution
Astronomy
62
What were scientists called?
Natural philosphers
63
Ptolemaic System
Geocentrism-used physical cosmology of Aristotle and mathematic astronomy from Ptolemy. Catholic Church made it doctrine
64
Geocentrism
Believed scripturally. Used Epicycles and Deferents to expalin apparent backward motion of planets
65
Nicholaus Copernicus
Polish astronomer and priest. Heliocentrism
66
Copernicus' literary work
1543-"On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres"-said sun is at the center
67
Tycho Brahe
Denmark astronomer-last naked eye astronomer. Mixed Geo+Helio-Mercury and Venus revolved around the Sun, which in turn revolves around the earth-advocate geo. Recorded astronomical data
68
Johannes Kepler
1609-"The New Astronomy"-eliptical orbits
69
Galileo Galilei
1609-Improved the telescope. Named stars of Jupiter "Medici Stars" Justify everything mathematically
70
Galileo's literary works
"Letters on Sunspots", "Starry Messenger", "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems"
71
Isaac Newton
1687-"Principia Mathematica"-Universal gravitation. Empiricism.
72
Mechanism
See world as clock and God is great watchmaker. Before, seed is symbolic-now improving life not salvation
73
Francis Bacon
"Father of Empiricism"-Scientific Method. Specific-->General. 1620-Novum Organum. Utilitarian. Men of Dogmas and Experiment
74
Rene Descartes
French. "Discourse on Method" (1637)-attack scholasticism-use math learning. Deductive reasoning (general-->specific). "I think, therefore I Am"
75
Descartes' dualism
Cartesian dualism-things that occupy space and thought-material things are natural philosphers
76
Thomas Hobbes
1651-Leviathan-Absolute monarchy best from of gov. Men all selfish
77
John Locke's literary works
"Two Treaties of Government"-1st-denounce patriarchal gov. and divine right, etc. 2nd-favored limited government and natural rights (life, liberty, property, rebel). "Letter Concerning Toleration-optimistic view of people-not Catholic toleration
78
Tabula Rasa
The Blank-Slate theory-start of Behaviorism.
79
Women in Scientific Revolution
Nonexistent, some overheard courts with scientists
80
Maria Winkelmann
Astronomer-discovered a comet in 1702
81
Most famous "Institute of Sharing"
Royal Society of London
82
Queen Christina of Sweden
Brought Rene Descartes of Stockholm
83
Margaret Cavendish
Most accomplished woman
84
Galileo's trial
1633-recanted and under house arrest
85
Blaise Pascal
Pensees-There is loving God, Mankind unworthy. Refute Jesuits who minimized sins. Jansenist sympathies. Critical of Deists-not enough faith
86
Pascal's Wager
Better to belive in God than not just in case
87
Physico-theology
Religious thought deducted from observing nature. Science-->Rational God-->Rational Humanity-->Scientific Innovation=Better Life
88
Witch Hunts-when, factors, where
1400-1700-Plague, Religious turmoil, superstition, villages of western Europe
89
Witch Hunts-Who
70-100 thousand executed, 80% women mostly >40 years old, single, widowed, midwives, "Cunning Folk" (healer/herbalist) Malefice
90
Witch Hunts-End
End from atrocious severity and scientific revolution
91
Baroque style
Natural-17th century
92
Baroque artists
Michelangelo Caravaggio, Louis LeNain, Gian Lorenzo Berini, Peter Paul Rubens
93
Baroque monuments
St. Peter's Basilica, Banqueting Hall in London, Versailles
94
Charles I's execution
January 30, 1649
95
English Civil War
1642-1646/49
96
Restoration
1660
97
Glorious Revolution
1688
98
Act of Union
1707
99
Pragmatic Sanction
1713
100
Great Northern War
1700-21
101
Witch Hunts
1400-1700
102
Trial of Galileo
1633
103
War of Devolution
1667-1668
104
Franco-Dutch War
1672-79
105
Nine Years' War
1689-1697
106
War of Spanish Succession
1701-1714

AP European History (7 decks)

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