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AP European History > Chapters 22,26 > Flashcards

Chapters 22,26 Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of the Crimean War

A

Ottoman Empire gives land to Roman Catholic, Russia occupies Modovia and Wallachia

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2
Q

Uniqueness of Crimean War

A

First w/ war correspondents/photographers

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3
Q

Nations involved in Crimean War

A

France, Britain, Ottoman, Russia

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4
Q

Florence Nightingale

A

Founder of modern nursing “Lady with the Lamp”

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5
Q

Effects of the Crimean War

A

Erased Russian invincibility, discredit Concert of Europe at peacekeeping

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6
Q

Reforms of Ottoman Empire

A

1839–76-Tanzimat era-reorganization-administrative councils liberalized economy, end tax farming, corruption, Young Turks

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7
Q

Young Turks

A

Reformist officers in Ottoman Empire-entered WWI and led to Ottoman Empire’s end

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8
Q

Nationalist Leaders of Italy

A

Giuseppe Mazzini-Heart/soul

Giuseppe Girabaldi-Sword

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9
Q

Count Camillo Cavour

A

Head/mind of Italian unification, conservative–>moderate liberal (anti-republican) ~Machiavelli

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10
Q

Agreement of 1858 between Cavour and Napoleon III

A

Pact of Plombieres-France intervene militarily if Austria comes in Italy to start war

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11
Q

Venetia in Italy

A

Payment for allying with Prussia in Austro-Prussian Wawr

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12
Q

Sardina-Piedmont

A

Magnet to bring states together

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13
Q

Cavour’s keys to Italian Unification

A

Industrious, unify nationalists, foreign intervention (France)

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14
Q

Guisseppe Girabaldi

A

Expedition of the Thousand-Sicily–>Naples-concedes to Piedmont as nationalism>liberalism
Inspired by republicanism

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15
Q

Birth of Italy

A

1861

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16
Q

Most important political development 1848-1914

A

German unification

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17
Q

Otto von Bismarck

A

“Old Blood and Iron” “Iron Chancellor” Kleindeutch, Prussian noble (Junker) Liberal–>conservative, anti-republican, pragmatist/realist

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18
Q

Rival states of German confederation

A

Austria+Liberals, Prussia

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19
Q

Bismarck’s Pragmatism

A

“Germany is not looking to Prussia’s liberalism but to her power…The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and majority decisions=that was the mistake of 1848-but by blood and Iron

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20
Q

Reasons for Bismarck’s embrace of German Nationalism

A

Enable Prussian conservatives to outflank Prussian liberals/Parliament

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21
Q

Causes of Danish WaR OF 1864

A

Schleswig-Holstein Problem-Alliance between Austria and Prussia

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22
Q

Effects of Seven Weeks’ War

A

Defeat of Austria in Bohemia-1866. Left out of German affairs
Treaty of Prague-Austria cedes Venetia==>France–>Italy
aka Austro-Prussian War

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23
Q

Houses of North German Confederation gov

A

1867-Bundesrat-elected through people

Reichstag-elected through universal (notrly) male suffrage

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24
Q

Bad-Ems Telegram

A

Leopold offered Spanish crown-back Wilhelm’s telegram edited to provoke war w/ France by Bismarck to unify South

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25
Q

French Rulers since 1789

A

Louis XVIII, Charles X, Louis Philippe, Napoleon III

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26
Q

Paris COmmune

A

March 28 1871-National Assembly betraying Paris by staying in Versailles-Administer Paris separately from France–>socialist gov. Crushed by national assembly

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27
Q

Franco-Prussian War

A

Battle of Sedan-Napoleon III captured

Treaty of Frankfurt-1871-German empire-2nd Reich-Prussia wins-got Alsace and Lorraine

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28
Q

Impact of new German empire

A

Strong stable nation, Austria loses power, France weakened, Britain competes industrially

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29
Q

Dreyfus Affair

A

Jewish captain accused of being in cohorts with Germany 1898-Emile Zola “J’accuse” article-forged evidence
Army, church, conservatives, antisemitics v. Liberals, radicals, socialists
Leftists united

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30
Q

19th Century Hapsburg empire

A

Agrarian Dynastic, absolutist

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31
Q

Ausgleich of 1867

A

Compromise-dual monarchy-Austria-Hungary

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32
Q

Czech Trialism and opposition

A

“Triple Monarchy” Magyars say no >.<

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33
Q

Reforms of Alexander II

A

Abolish serfdom-1861 (Russia)

34
Q

Problems with Serfdom in Russia

A

Economically inefficient, potential for revolts, Russian military ineffective, immoral

35
Q

Impacts of emancipation on Russian serfs

A

redemption payments, failed

36
Q

Relationship of Poland w/ Russia before WWI

A

Polish Rebellion-1863–>repression

Russification

37
Q

Revolutionary groups in Russia

A

Alexander Herzen, Populism, The People’s Will

38
Q

William Gladstone’s ministry

A

Summit of British liberalism

39
Q

Benjamin Disraeli

A

Public Health Act (private property intervention_

Artisan Housing Act

40
Q

Ireland’s movement for Home Rule

A

Land Act-Stuart Parnell

41
Q

New German Empire significance

A

New diplomatic relations, Austria weakened

42
Q

Bismarck’s goal for Germany

A

Appease France, Alliances

43
Q

Russo-Turkish War of 1877

A

Black Sea captured (Constantinople, Darnell Strait)

Free Slavic States, gain territory

44
Q

Confress of Berlin

A 
1878-Review results of Treaty of San Stefano (After Russo-Turkish War)
Russia got (-) results
45
Q

Three Emperor’s League, Triple Alliance, Dual Alliance, Entente Cordiale, Triple Entente

A 
Three-1873-Germany, Austria, Russia
Triple-Dual Alliance+Italy
Dual-Austria-Hungary and Germany
Entente-Britain and France
Triple-Britain, France, Russia
46
Q

Kaiser William II and political goals

A

Wanted to be famous-dismissed Bismarck
Expansionist policies, naval campaign
1st Moroccan Crisis

47
Q

“Powder Keg Of Europe”

A

Balkan Nations-Slavic wanted unity ~Serbia to Prussia/Piedmont

48
Q

Factors leading to WWI

A

2nd Moroccan Crisis, Balkan Wars, Assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand

49
Q

Impact of 1nd moroccon Crisis

A

France and Britain closer, led to Balkan Wars

50
Q

Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand

A

June 18 1914-Austria sends above to Bosnia-Gavrilo Princip assassinates him, spark that ignites the war

51
Q

Dual Alliance and Triple Entente responses

A

Dual-Germany-Strict reaction (blank check) Austria-Ultimatum

Triple-Russia-mobilize army, France-give Russia blank check, Britain-diplomatic measures

52
Q

1st country mobilize against Russia

53
Q

Schlieffen Plan

A

West front first, then Russia

54
Q

REasons Germany blamed for war

A

August days (declare war, occupy Luxembourg, declare on France, invade Belgium, Britain declare on Germany)

55
Q

Potentials of soliders for countries

A

Allies-more troops/home front

Central-Strategic advantages

56
Q

Facts of Western Front

A

Battle of the Marne-French and British stop Germans

Trench warfare began

57
Q

WEapons in WWI

A

Big Bertha, poison gas, machine gun, tanks, airplanes, zeppelins, U-Boats

58
Q

Entries in War in 1915

A

Ottoman and Bulgaria-Central

Japan, Italy, Romania-Allies

59
Q

Colonel T.E. Larence

A

Allied attempts to stir nationalist in Czech, Slovaks, Pol,es, Arabs-most successful guy in Arabia

60
Q

Battle Gallipoli

A

1915-16-Allied offensive by Churchill-poor timing

Austria and New Zealand join Allies

61
Q

Reasons for US entry to WWI

A

Lusitania, Zimmerman Telegram

62
Q

Woodrow Wilson quote

A

“To make the world safe for democracy”

63
Q

Causes of March Revolution in Russia

A

Tsar 1917 March-gov. collapse
Bolshevik Party
Conflict, overtaxed resources, Nicholas II :(, military and domestic failures

64
Q

Rasputin in Russian political affairs

A

Discredited Nicholas II by being close to tsar (peasant faith healer-Spoke against Russian going to war

65
Q

Bolsheviks

A

Lenin-Nov-Seized power from gov-took Russia out of war, communism
Was tied with Mensheviks-split

66
Q

Soviets

A

Social Revolutionaries+Social Democrats organize above, Council of workers and soldiers

67
Q

Actions of Bolsheviks

A

Russia out of war, war indemnity, nationalized land, property of church–>state, control state banks

68
Q

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A

March 1918-Russia yield Poland, Finland, Baltic States, Ukraine
Officially pull Russia out of war

69
Q

Last German Offensive

A

Western front-unsuccessful

70
Q

Casualties of WWi

A

Total:10 million dead, 20 million wounded
Central-4 million dead
Allies-5.4 million dead

71
Q

Effects of War

A

Economic and financial strain, Allies debtors to US, Fascism to Italy, US becomes most stable democratic state

72
Q

Treaty of Versailles and Sevres to Ottoman Empire

A

Versailles-Partitioned Ottoman Empire

Sevres-Officially dissolves the Ottoman Empire

73
Q

Greco-Turkish War

A

Nationalistic reaction-Ataturk-“Father of the Turks”–>Republic of Turkey 1923

74
Q

The Big Four

A

Wilson-US
Clemenceau-France
Orlando-Italy
David George-UK

75
Q

Obstacles to Peace

A

Publicity, 14 Points impossible, Bolsehvism, Nationalism, victors

76
Q

Germany’s fate from Treaty of Versailles

A

$15-25 billion (modern $40 billion)

Cede Alsace and Lorraine to France, Disarm-<100,000 troops, Austria-Hungary separated

77
Q

League of Nations

A

Japan, Britain, France, Italy, US

Respect and preserve territorial integrity-ineffective from no enforcement

78
Q

Fourteen Points

A

Ethnic groups decide if self govern or no, open diplomacy, freedom of seas, League of Nations

79
Q

WWI on European colonialism

A

Stir nationalist uprising (TE Lawrence)

80
Q

Criticism of Paris Peace Settlement/Treaty of Versailles

A

John Maynard Keynes-Predict WWII “Economic consequences of Peace”

AP European History (7 decks)

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