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AP European History > Chapters 22,26 > Flashcards

Chapters 22,26 Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of the Crimean War

A

Ottoman Empire gives land to Roman Catholic, Russia occupies Modovia and Wallachia

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2
Q

Uniqueness of Crimean War

A

First w/ war correspondents/photographers

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3
Q

Nations involved in Crimean War

A

France, Britain, Ottoman, Russia

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4
Q

Florence Nightingale

A

Founder of modern nursing “Lady with the Lamp”

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5
Q

Effects of the Crimean War

A

Erased Russian invincibility, discredit Concert of Europe at peacekeeping

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6
Q

Reforms of Ottoman Empire

A

1839–76-Tanzimat era-reorganization-administrative councils liberalized economy, end tax farming, corruption, Young Turks

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7
Q

Young Turks

A

Reformist officers in Ottoman Empire-entered WWI and led to Ottoman Empire’s end

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8
Q

Nationalist Leaders of Italy

A

Giuseppe Mazzini-Heart/soul

Giuseppe Girabaldi-Sword

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9
Q

Count Camillo Cavour

A

Head/mind of Italian unification, conservative–>moderate liberal (anti-republican) ~Machiavelli

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10
Q

Agreement of 1858 between Cavour and Napoleon III

A

Pact of Plombieres-France intervene militarily if Austria comes in Italy to start war

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11
Q

Venetia in Italy

A

Payment for allying with Prussia in Austro-Prussian Wawr

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12
Q

Sardina-Piedmont

A

Magnet to bring states together

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13
Q

Cavour’s keys to Italian Unification

A

Industrious, unify nationalists, foreign intervention (France)

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14
Q

Guisseppe Girabaldi

A

Expedition of the Thousand-Sicily–>Naples-concedes to Piedmont as nationalism>liberalism
Inspired by republicanism

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15
Q

Birth of Italy

A

1861

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16
Q

Most important political development 1848-1914

A

German unification

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17
Q

Otto von Bismarck

A

“Old Blood and Iron” “Iron Chancellor” Kleindeutch, Prussian noble (Junker) Liberal–>conservative, anti-republican, pragmatist/realist

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18
Q

Rival states of German confederation

A

Austria+Liberals, Prussia

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19
Q

Bismarck’s Pragmatism

A

“Germany is not looking to Prussia’s liberalism but to her power…The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and majority decisions=that was the mistake of 1848-but by blood and Iron

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20
Q

Reasons for Bismarck’s embrace of German Nationalism

A

Enable Prussian conservatives to outflank Prussian liberals/Parliament

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21
Q

Causes of Danish WaR OF 1864

A

Schleswig-Holstein Problem-Alliance between Austria and Prussia

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22
Q

Effects of Seven Weeks’ War

A

Defeat of Austria in Bohemia-1866. Left out of German affairs
Treaty of Prague-Austria cedes Venetia==>France–>Italy
aka Austro-Prussian War

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23
Q

Houses of North German Confederation gov

A

1867-Bundesrat-elected through people

Reichstag-elected through universal (notrly) male suffrage

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24
Q

Bad-Ems Telegram

A

Leopold offered Spanish crown-back Wilhelm’s telegram edited to provoke war w/ France by Bismarck to unify South

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25
French Rulers since 1789
Louis XVIII, Charles X, Louis Philippe, Napoleon III
26
Paris COmmune
March 28 1871-National Assembly betraying Paris by staying in Versailles-Administer Paris separately from France-->socialist gov. Crushed by national assembly
27
Franco-Prussian War
Battle of Sedan-Napoleon III captured | Treaty of Frankfurt-1871-German empire-2nd Reich-Prussia wins-got Alsace and Lorraine
28
Impact of new German empire
Strong stable nation, Austria loses power, France weakened, Britain competes industrially
29
Dreyfus Affair
Jewish captain accused of being in cohorts with Germany 1898-Emile Zola "J'accuse" article-forged evidence Army, church, conservatives, antisemitics v. Liberals, radicals, socialists Leftists united
30
19th Century Hapsburg empire
Agrarian Dynastic, absolutist
31
Ausgleich of 1867
Compromise-dual monarchy-Austria-Hungary
32
Czech Trialism and opposition
"Triple Monarchy" Magyars say no >.<
33
Reforms of Alexander II
Abolish serfdom-1861 (Russia)
34
Problems with Serfdom in Russia
Economically inefficient, potential for revolts, Russian military ineffective, immoral
35
Impacts of emancipation on Russian serfs
redemption payments, failed
36
Relationship of Poland w/ Russia before WWI
Polish Rebellion-1863-->repression | Russification
37
Revolutionary groups in Russia
Alexander Herzen, Populism, The People's Will
38
William Gladstone's ministry
Summit of British liberalism
39
Benjamin Disraeli
Public Health Act (private property intervention_ | Artisan Housing Act
40
Ireland's movement for Home Rule
Land Act-Stuart Parnell
41
New German Empire significance
New diplomatic relations, Austria weakened
42
Bismarck's goal for Germany
Appease France, Alliances
43
Russo-Turkish War of 1877
Black Sea captured (Constantinople, Darnell Strait) | Free Slavic States, gain territory
44
Confress of Berlin
``` 1878-Review results of Treaty of San Stefano (After Russo-Turkish War) Russia got (-) results ```
45
Three Emperor's League, Triple Alliance, Dual Alliance, Entente Cordiale, Triple Entente
``` Three-1873-Germany, Austria, Russia Triple-Dual Alliance+Italy Dual-Austria-Hungary and Germany Entente-Britain and France Triple-Britain, France, Russia ```
46
Kaiser William II and political goals
Wanted to be famous-dismissed Bismarck Expansionist policies, naval campaign 1st Moroccan Crisis
47
"Powder Keg Of Europe"
Balkan Nations-Slavic wanted unity ~Serbia to Prussia/Piedmont
48
Factors leading to WWI
2nd Moroccan Crisis, Balkan Wars, Assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand
49
Impact of 1nd moroccon Crisis
France and Britain closer, led to Balkan Wars
50
Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand
June 18 1914-Austria sends above to Bosnia-Gavrilo Princip assassinates him, spark that ignites the war
51
Dual Alliance and Triple Entente responses
Dual-Germany-Strict reaction (blank check) Austria-Ultimatum | Triple-Russia-mobilize army, France-give Russia blank check, Britain-diplomatic measures
52
1st country mobilize against Russia
Germany
53
Schlieffen Plan
West front first, then Russia
54
REasons Germany blamed for war
August days (declare war, occupy Luxembourg, declare on France, invade Belgium, Britain declare on Germany)
55
Potentials of soliders for countries
Allies-more troops/home front | Central-Strategic advantages
56
Facts of Western Front
Battle of the Marne-French and British stop Germans | Trench warfare began
57
WEapons in WWI
Big Bertha, poison gas, machine gun, tanks, airplanes, zeppelins, U-Boats
58
Entries in War in 1915
Ottoman and Bulgaria-Central | Japan, Italy, Romania-Allies
59
Colonel T.E. Larence
Allied attempts to stir nationalist in Czech, Slovaks, Pol,es, Arabs-most successful guy in Arabia
60
Battle Gallipoli
1915-16-Allied offensive by Churchill-poor timing | Austria and New Zealand join Allies
61
Reasons for US entry to WWI
Lusitania, Zimmerman Telegram
62
Woodrow Wilson quote
"To make the world safe for democracy"
63
Causes of March Revolution in Russia
Tsar 1917 March-gov. collapse Bolshevik Party Conflict, overtaxed resources, Nicholas II :(, military and domestic failures
64
Rasputin in Russian political affairs
Discredited Nicholas II by being close to tsar (peasant faith healer-Spoke against Russian going to war
65
Bolsheviks
Lenin-Nov-Seized power from gov-took Russia out of war, communism Was tied with Mensheviks-split
66
Soviets
Social Revolutionaries+Social Democrats organize above, Council of workers and soldiers
67
Actions of Bolsheviks
Russia out of war, war indemnity, nationalized land, property of church-->state, control state banks
68
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
March 1918-Russia yield Poland, Finland, Baltic States, Ukraine Officially pull Russia out of war
69
Last German Offensive
Western front-unsuccessful
70
Casualties of WWi
Total:10 million dead, 20 million wounded Central-4 million dead Allies-5.4 million dead
71
Effects of War
Economic and financial strain, Allies debtors to US, Fascism to Italy, US becomes most stable democratic state
72
Treaty of Versailles and Sevres to Ottoman Empire
Versailles-Partitioned Ottoman Empire | Sevres-Officially dissolves the Ottoman Empire
73
Greco-Turkish War
Nationalistic reaction-Ataturk-"Father of the Turks"-->Republic of Turkey 1923
74
The Big Four
Wilson-US Clemenceau-France Orlando-Italy David George-UK
75
Obstacles to Peace
Publicity, 14 Points impossible, Bolsehvism, Nationalism, victors
76
Germany's fate from Treaty of Versailles
$15-25 billion (modern $40 billion) | Cede Alsace and Lorraine to France, Disarm-<100,000 troops, Austria-Hungary separated
77
League of Nations
Japan, Britain, France, Italy, US | Respect and preserve territorial integrity-ineffective from no enforcement
78
Fourteen Points
Ethnic groups decide if self govern or no, open diplomacy, freedom of seas, League of Nations
79
WWI on European colonialism
Stir nationalist uprising (TE Lawrence)
80
Criticism of Paris Peace Settlement/Treaty of Versailles
John Maynard Keynes-Predict WWII "Economic consequences of Peace"

AP European History (7 decks)

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