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AP European History > Chapters 11-12 > Flashcards

Chapters 11-12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Birthplace of Reformation

A

Free imperial cities of HRE

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2
Q

Groups for reforming Catholic Church

A

Guilds (printing), peasants, humanists, laiety

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3
Q

Contributing factors to criticism of the Church

A

Avignon papacy, Great Schism, Conciliar period, Diet of Worms, indulgences, increased knowledge

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4
Q

Goal of lay religious movements

A

Religious simplicity, imitation of Christ

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5
Q

Brothers of the Common Life

A

More personal (outside of church), retain old clerical doctrines in different framework, Based on New Testament

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6
Q

Imitation of the Christ

A

Thomas a Kempis-most popular religious book

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7
Q

Martin Luther

A

Dad was a miner, former lawyer student

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8
Q

Medieval Church Salvation

A

Righteousness of God (perfection). Works+Grace=Salvation

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9
Q

Indulgences

A

Sinsurance, change sin from eternal to temporal, Treasury of Merit (infinite), Jubilee indulgence by Pope Leo X advertised by Johan Tetzel to fund St. Peter’s Basilica’s building

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10
Q

95 Theses

A

October 31, 1517. Salvation isn’t bought or sold, Humanists liked it and translated it from Latin to German

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11
Q

Martin Luther’s literary works

A

95 Theses, Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (Urge princes to seek reform), Babylonian Captivity (only 2/7 sacraments supported by Bible), Freedom of a Christian (Justification by faith alone)-1520

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12
Q

Diet of Worms

A

April 15 1521. Luther ordered to recant but refused to

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13
Q

Salvation according to Luther

A

Justification by faith alone- Faith–>Works–>Grace=Salvation

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14
Q

Peace of Augsburg

A
  1. Established religious sovereignty. Official recognition of Lutheranism only. Cuius regio, eius religio-Who’s region, his religion
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15
Q

German peasants revolt

A

70-100 thousand peasants killed. No one really supported peasants. Luther’s “Against the Murdering and Thieving Hordes of Peasants” 1524-1525

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16
Q

Diet of Augsburg

A
  1. Charles the V attempted to order princes to be Catholic-they had already drawn up Augsburg Confession.
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17
Q

Schmalkaldic League

A

Organization against the king–>Schmalkaldic War. (1547)Protestant defensive alliance after Diet of Augsburg

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18
Q

Leader of Reformation in Zurich

A

Ulrich Zwingli

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19
Q

Luther v. Zwingli

A

Luther believed Eucharist literally (transubstantiation) Zwingli believed it figuartivley

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20
Q

Anabaptists

A

Radical group that rejected infant baptism

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21
Q

John Calvin

A

Frenchman who moved to Geneva. Writes the Institutes of a Christian. Tried establishing theocracy. Believed in predestination.

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22
Q

Lutheranism in Denmark

A

Denmark ruler Christian II introduced Lutheranism to Denmark

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23
Q

Magdeburg in the 16th Century

A

Refuge for Protestantism-center of Lutheran resistance during the Schmalkaldic Wars.

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24
Q

Henry VIII

A

2nd Tudor, Defense of the 7 Sacraments–>Defender of the Faith Award. Cardinal Wolsey failed to get annulment of marriage for his Great Matter

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25
Q

The Great Matter

A

Attempt to annul marriage to Catherine of Aragon

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26
Q

Parilament reformation

A

1529-1536. Convocation (King head of Church IN England), Submission of the Clergy(Royal Law>Clergy Law), Annulment, Act of Supremacy, Act of Succession Dissolution of Monastaries(Confiscate major Catholic church buildins), Royal authority>Religious matters

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27
Q

Act of Succession

A
  1. Illigitimizes Mary, legitimizes Elizabeth
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28
Q

Act of Uniformity

A

Under Edward VI and Thomas Cranmer. Book of the Common Prayer-standardize religious services/sermons

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29
Q

Act of Supremacy

A

Henry VIII makes himself supreme head OF Anglican Church. 1534. Begins Anglican Church

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30
Q

Wives of Henry VIII

A

Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boyeln, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr

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31
Q

Tudor Monarchs

A

Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary, Elizabeth

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32
Q

Six Articles

A

“Whip with Six Stings” 1539. Transubstantiation, deny Eucharist to laity, Celibacy, Private mass (upper class), confession, chaisty vow held up by God-Protect Catholic practice in Protestant place

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33
Q

Religious Orders

A

Jesuits, Theatines (prepare reform-minded clergy), Capcuchins (Live life like Christ; St. Francis of Assisi), Somaschi and Barnabites (repair moral, spiritual, physical destruction of religious practices), Ursulines(women), Oratorians(elite, promote church literature and music), St. Teresa of Avila and t. John of the Cross(revive mystical nunneries of Medieval Church)

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34
Q

Jesuits

A

Society of Jesus, formed by Ignatius of Loyola.

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35
Q

Ignatius of Loyola

A

Founded the Jesuits, in 1530. Came up with Spiritual exercises.

36
Q

Council of Trent

A

Under strict papal control. Mainly Italians. Limited voting. Reforms: Internal church dicipline, churtail Simony, indulgences, and benefices, Diocese, no doctrinal consessions

37
Q

Casper Conterini

A

Magisterial reformer. Point out fiscal policies of the church and simony (selling church offices)

38
Q

Church Calender

A

1/3 of year dedicated to fasting

39
Q

Miguel de Cervantes

A

Medieval teaching (Don Quixote) Honor, chivalry, heroism, loyalty

40
Q

William Shakespeare

A

Plays, Tragedies (Richard III, Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth, Othelo, R+J), Propaganda for Queen Elizabeth

41
Q

Catholic CHurch tactics to bring back followers

A

Architecture-Baroque style meant to impress v. Plain style to go with simple life of Jesus

42
Q

Politiques

A

Political Stability>Religious Unity. Elizabeth I, Henry IV, Henry III

43
Q

Non-examples of Politiques

A

Mary I, Philip II

44
Q

Factors to Protestant persecutions in France

A

Catholic faiths in hierarchy, Conspiracy of Amboise (lead by Bourbon and Montmorency families to take Francis II out of Guise influence)

45
Q

French Protestant characteristics

A

2/5 of aristocrats Calvinist (political reform), 2000 congregations, discontented townspeople (social reform)

46
Q

Massacre at Vassy

A

1562 started the French Wars of Religion. Duke of Guise massacres Protestants worshiping in public.

47
Q

Peace of Saint Germain-en-Laye

A

1570-Acknowledge Protestant power in government. Coligny becomes advisor to the king.

48
Q

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

A

August 24 1572-Catherine convinces son (Charles IX) to approve widespread massacre of Protestants-angered Protestants internationally

49
Q

3 Families for the Throne

A

Bourbon, Montmorency, Guise

50
Q

Henry IV of France

A

Formerly Henry of Navare, first of the Bourbon dynasty. Politique. 1593: “Paris is worth a mass.” Converts to Catholicism.

51
Q

War of Three Henry’s

A

Henry III (king), Henry of Navare, Henry, Duke of Guise. 1584-89. Ends with Edict of Nantes

52
Q

Johan Tetzel

A

Advocated for the sale of the Jubilee Indulgence. “When a coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.”

53
Q

Sources of Catholic Reform

A

Religious Orders, Jesuits, Council of Trent

54
Q

January Edict

A
  1. Grant religious tolerance/freedom to Huguenots (worship private and publically). Made Guise mad so me just Massacred at Vassy
55
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

1598-Grant freedoms and tolerances to Protestants (right to worship publically and assemble, hold public office, admitted to all universities, right to fortify towns). Official declared Catholicism as national religion.

56
Q

Important players in French Religious Wars

A

Catherine de Medici, Bourbon, Montmorency, Guise, Henry of Navare (IV), Henry III, Henry of Guise, Colingy(Montmorency)

57
Q

Philip II

A

Non-example of Politique, son of Charles V, Ruler of Spain

58
Q

The Compromise

A

Louis of Nassau (William’s brother) promised to resist terms of the Council of Trent and were threatened by the Inquisition

59
Q

Rason for rise in Spanish Power

A

Wealth from new world, growing population, efficient royal bureaucracy, powerful military

60
Q

The Iberian Union

A

Between Spain and Portugal (1558-1640) enhanced sea power

61
Q

Revolt in the Netherlands

A

William of Nassau lead revolt against Spanish rule. Political Independence>Religious Unity.

62
Q

Duke of Alba

A

Ordered to crush insurgents. Council of Troubles/Blood. Led to many execution of Protestant leaders

63
Q

William of Orange

A

Main leadership in revolt in Netherlands. Used “Sea Beggars” to inflict Spanish losses(international band of pirates). Forced Duke of Alba to Step down

64
Q

The Spanish Fury

A

November 4 1576-7000 people killed and temporarily brought north and southern provinces together. Leader-less mercenaries (w/o Duke of Alba)

65
Q

Pacification of Ghent

A

November 8, 1576. Equivalent to Peace of Augsburg.

66
Q

Perpetual Edict

A

February 1577-Agree to remove Spanish forces within 20 days, leave Netherlands control to mostly William of Orange

67
Q

Spanish Losses/Gains

A

Lost most prosperous lands/offensive front to England

68
Q

Unions of Arras and Utrecht

A

Brought Catholic provinces back with Spain.

69
Q

The Apology

A

William of Orange’s speech reacting to him becoming an outlaw. Denounced Philip as tyrant and used it to unite Netherlands again.

70
Q

Act of Abjuration

A

1581-By the Estates General-Dutch Republic born. Philip focused on France and England, enabling Netherlands to push Spanish out in 1593.

71
Q

The Twelve Years’ Truce

A

1309-Northern provinces granted independence

72
Q

Treaty of Westphalia

A

1648-Official recognition by Europe of Netherlands independence. Concludes 30 years war. Spain never regains power

73
Q

Mary I’s reign

A

Rescind Protestant Laws, Marian Persecutions/Exiles, Married Philip II

74
Q

Elizabeth I’s reign

A

Elizabethan Settlement-settle religious quarrels, keeping look of Catholicism but teach Protestant values. Act of Supremacy-1559-declared her supreme governor of spiritual and temporal matters. Repealed anti-protestant acts.

75
Q

Thirty-Nine Articles

A

1563-Makes moderate protestant official religion. Gives her nickname “Good Queen Bess”

76
Q

Elizabeth I and Religious Extremists

A

Jesuits and Spain-attempted her life and Philip tried to marry her a lot.

77
Q

Preconditions of the 30 Years’ War

A

Fragmented Germany, Religious Division, Calvinism and the Palatinate, Maximilian of Bavaria and the Catholic League

78
Q

Phases of the 30 Years’ War

A

Bohemia, Danish, Swedish, Swedish-French

79
Q

Defenestration of Prague

A

May 1618-Threw regents out of the royal palace

80
Q

Edict of Restitution

A

In Bohemia stage-1629-Reassert catholic safeguards of Peace of Augsburg. Calvinism illegal

81
Q

Ferdinand

A

Hapsburg-King of Bohemia. Revoked religious freedoms of Protestants in 1575–>HRE-deposed as ruler of Bohemia

82
Q

Battle of Breitenfeld

A

Swedish victory from alliance with Brandenburg and Saxony, with military genius of Swedish ruler, Gustavus Adolphus II (1630)

83
Q

Peace of Prague

A

1635-German protestant states led by Saxony reached compromise-France and Netherlands refused to join-supported Sweden

84
Q

German population before and after (fraction)

A

1/3 of population lost in war

85
Q

Treaty of Westphalia

A

1648-Written in French, Edict of Restitution rescinded, Calvinism legalized, Swiss Confederacy and Netherlands officially recognized as independent. Brandenburg-Prussia and Austria become most powerful northern German States

86
Q

Treaty of the Pyrenees

A

1659-French and Spanish treaty. French victories forced treaty onto Spain. French become dominant European power

AP European History (7 decks)

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