Chapters 11-12 Flashcards
Birthplace of Reformation
Free imperial cities of HRE
Groups for reforming Catholic Church
Guilds (printing), peasants, humanists, laiety
Contributing factors to criticism of the Church
Avignon papacy, Great Schism, Conciliar period, Diet of Worms, indulgences, increased knowledge
Goal of lay religious movements
Religious simplicity, imitation of Christ
Brothers of the Common Life
More personal (outside of church), retain old clerical doctrines in different framework, Based on New Testament
Imitation of the Christ
Thomas a Kempis-most popular religious book
Martin Luther
Dad was a miner, former lawyer student
Medieval Church Salvation
Righteousness of God (perfection). Works+Grace=Salvation
Indulgences
Sinsurance, change sin from eternal to temporal, Treasury of Merit (infinite), Jubilee indulgence by Pope Leo X advertised by Johan Tetzel to fund St. Peter’s Basilica’s building
95 Theses
October 31, 1517. Salvation isn’t bought or sold, Humanists liked it and translated it from Latin to German
Martin Luther’s literary works
95 Theses, Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (Urge princes to seek reform), Babylonian Captivity (only 2/7 sacraments supported by Bible), Freedom of a Christian (Justification by faith alone)-1520
Diet of Worms
April 15 1521. Luther ordered to recant but refused to
Salvation according to Luther
Justification by faith alone- Faith–>Works–>Grace=Salvation
Peace of Augsburg
- Established religious sovereignty. Official recognition of Lutheranism only. Cuius regio, eius religio-Who’s region, his religion
German peasants revolt
70-100 thousand peasants killed. No one really supported peasants. Luther’s “Against the Murdering and Thieving Hordes of Peasants” 1524-1525
Diet of Augsburg
- Charles the V attempted to order princes to be Catholic-they had already drawn up Augsburg Confession.
Schmalkaldic League
Organization against the king–>Schmalkaldic War. (1547)Protestant defensive alliance after Diet of Augsburg
Leader of Reformation in Zurich
Ulrich Zwingli
Luther v. Zwingli
Luther believed Eucharist literally (transubstantiation) Zwingli believed it figuartivley
Anabaptists
Radical group that rejected infant baptism
John Calvin
Frenchman who moved to Geneva. Writes the Institutes of a Christian. Tried establishing theocracy. Believed in predestination.
Lutheranism in Denmark
Denmark ruler Christian II introduced Lutheranism to Denmark
Magdeburg in the 16th Century
Refuge for Protestantism-center of Lutheran resistance during the Schmalkaldic Wars.
Henry VIII
2nd Tudor, Defense of the 7 Sacraments–>Defender of the Faith Award. Cardinal Wolsey failed to get annulment of marriage for his Great Matter
The Great Matter
Attempt to annul marriage to Catherine of Aragon
Parilament reformation
1529-1536. Convocation (King head of Church IN England), Submission of the Clergy(Royal Law>Clergy Law), Annulment, Act of Supremacy, Act of Succession Dissolution of Monastaries(Confiscate major Catholic church buildins), Royal authority>Religious matters
Act of Succession
- Illigitimizes Mary, legitimizes Elizabeth
Act of Uniformity
Under Edward VI and Thomas Cranmer. Book of the Common Prayer-standardize religious services/sermons
Act of Supremacy
Henry VIII makes himself supreme head OF Anglican Church. 1534. Begins Anglican Church
Wives of Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boyeln, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr
Tudor Monarchs
Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary, Elizabeth
Six Articles
“Whip with Six Stings” 1539. Transubstantiation, deny Eucharist to laity, Celibacy, Private mass (upper class), confession, chaisty vow held up by God-Protect Catholic practice in Protestant place
Religious Orders
Jesuits, Theatines (prepare reform-minded clergy), Capcuchins (Live life like Christ; St. Francis of Assisi), Somaschi and Barnabites (repair moral, spiritual, physical destruction of religious practices), Ursulines(women), Oratorians(elite, promote church literature and music), St. Teresa of Avila and t. John of the Cross(revive mystical nunneries of Medieval Church)
Jesuits
Society of Jesus, formed by Ignatius of Loyola.
Ignatius of Loyola
Founded the Jesuits, in 1530. Came up with Spiritual exercises.
Council of Trent
Under strict papal control. Mainly Italians. Limited voting. Reforms: Internal church dicipline, churtail Simony, indulgences, and benefices, Diocese, no doctrinal consessions
Casper Conterini
Magisterial reformer. Point out fiscal policies of the church and simony (selling church offices)
Church Calender
1/3 of year dedicated to fasting
Miguel de Cervantes
Medieval teaching (Don Quixote) Honor, chivalry, heroism, loyalty
William Shakespeare
Plays, Tragedies (Richard III, Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth, Othelo, R+J), Propaganda for Queen Elizabeth
Catholic CHurch tactics to bring back followers
Architecture-Baroque style meant to impress v. Plain style to go with simple life of Jesus
Politiques
Political Stability>Religious Unity. Elizabeth I, Henry IV, Henry III
Non-examples of Politiques
Mary I, Philip II
Factors to Protestant persecutions in France
Catholic faiths in hierarchy, Conspiracy of Amboise (lead by Bourbon and Montmorency families to take Francis II out of Guise influence)
French Protestant characteristics
2/5 of aristocrats Calvinist (political reform), 2000 congregations, discontented townspeople (social reform)
Massacre at Vassy
1562 started the French Wars of Religion. Duke of Guise massacres Protestants worshiping in public.
Peace of Saint Germain-en-Laye
1570-Acknowledge Protestant power in government. Coligny becomes advisor to the king.
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
August 24 1572-Catherine convinces son (Charles IX) to approve widespread massacre of Protestants-angered Protestants internationally
3 Families for the Throne
Bourbon, Montmorency, Guise
Henry IV of France
Formerly Henry of Navare, first of the Bourbon dynasty. Politique. 1593: “Paris is worth a mass.” Converts to Catholicism.
War of Three Henry’s
Henry III (king), Henry of Navare, Henry, Duke of Guise. 1584-89. Ends with Edict of Nantes
Johan Tetzel
Advocated for the sale of the Jubilee Indulgence. “When a coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.”
Sources of Catholic Reform
Religious Orders, Jesuits, Council of Trent
January Edict
- Grant religious tolerance/freedom to Huguenots (worship private and publically). Made Guise mad so me just Massacred at Vassy
Edict of Nantes
1598-Grant freedoms and tolerances to Protestants (right to worship publically and assemble, hold public office, admitted to all universities, right to fortify towns). Official declared Catholicism as national religion.
Important players in French Religious Wars
Catherine de Medici, Bourbon, Montmorency, Guise, Henry of Navare (IV), Henry III, Henry of Guise, Colingy(Montmorency)
Philip II
Non-example of Politique, son of Charles V, Ruler of Spain
The Compromise
Louis of Nassau (William’s brother) promised to resist terms of the Council of Trent and were threatened by the Inquisition
Rason for rise in Spanish Power
Wealth from new world, growing population, efficient royal bureaucracy, powerful military
The Iberian Union
Between Spain and Portugal (1558-1640) enhanced sea power
Revolt in the Netherlands
William of Nassau lead revolt against Spanish rule. Political Independence>Religious Unity.
Duke of Alba
Ordered to crush insurgents. Council of Troubles/Blood. Led to many execution of Protestant leaders
William of Orange
Main leadership in revolt in Netherlands. Used “Sea Beggars” to inflict Spanish losses(international band of pirates). Forced Duke of Alba to Step down
The Spanish Fury
November 4 1576-7000 people killed and temporarily brought north and southern provinces together. Leader-less mercenaries (w/o Duke of Alba)
Pacification of Ghent
November 8, 1576. Equivalent to Peace of Augsburg.
Perpetual Edict
February 1577-Agree to remove Spanish forces within 20 days, leave Netherlands control to mostly William of Orange
Spanish Losses/Gains
Lost most prosperous lands/offensive front to England
Unions of Arras and Utrecht
Brought Catholic provinces back with Spain.
The Apology
William of Orange’s speech reacting to him becoming an outlaw. Denounced Philip as tyrant and used it to unite Netherlands again.
Act of Abjuration
1581-By the Estates General-Dutch Republic born. Philip focused on France and England, enabling Netherlands to push Spanish out in 1593.
The Twelve Years’ Truce
1309-Northern provinces granted independence
Treaty of Westphalia
1648-Official recognition by Europe of Netherlands independence. Concludes 30 years war. Spain never regains power
Mary I’s reign
Rescind Protestant Laws, Marian Persecutions/Exiles, Married Philip II
Elizabeth I’s reign
Elizabethan Settlement-settle religious quarrels, keeping look of Catholicism but teach Protestant values. Act of Supremacy-1559-declared her supreme governor of spiritual and temporal matters. Repealed anti-protestant acts.
Thirty-Nine Articles
1563-Makes moderate protestant official religion. Gives her nickname “Good Queen Bess”
Elizabeth I and Religious Extremists
Jesuits and Spain-attempted her life and Philip tried to marry her a lot.
Preconditions of the 30 Years’ War
Fragmented Germany, Religious Division, Calvinism and the Palatinate, Maximilian of Bavaria and the Catholic League
Phases of the 30 Years’ War
Bohemia, Danish, Swedish, Swedish-French
Defenestration of Prague
May 1618-Threw regents out of the royal palace
Edict of Restitution
In Bohemia stage-1629-Reassert catholic safeguards of Peace of Augsburg. Calvinism illegal
Ferdinand
Hapsburg-King of Bohemia. Revoked religious freedoms of Protestants in 1575–>HRE-deposed as ruler of Bohemia
Battle of Breitenfeld
Swedish victory from alliance with Brandenburg and Saxony, with military genius of Swedish ruler, Gustavus Adolphus II (1630)
Peace of Prague
1635-German protestant states led by Saxony reached compromise-France and Netherlands refused to join-supported Sweden
German population before and after (fraction)
1/3 of population lost in war
Treaty of Westphalia
1648-Written in French, Edict of Restitution rescinded, Calvinism legalized, Swiss Confederacy and Netherlands officially recognized as independent. Brandenburg-Prussia and Austria become most powerful northern German States
Treaty of the Pyrenees
1659-French and Spanish treaty. French victories forced treaty onto Spain. French become dominant European power
