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Fluency Disorders > Chapters 6 & 7 > Flashcards

Chapters 6 & 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of psychological theories causes of stuttering

A

Psychoemotional
Psychobehavioral
Psycholinguistic

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2
Q

The emotional trauma or personality conflict

A

Psychoemtional

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3
Q

A learned behavior reinforced by environmental variables

A

Psychobehavioral

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4
Q

A breakdown in the process for generating language

A

Psycholinguistic

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5
Q

____ says stuttering is a symptom of unconscious conflicts or urges

A

Psychoemotional

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6
Q

___ says that stuttering is a symptom of a personality disorder or neurosis

A

Physchoemotional

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7
Q

____ says that stuttering is a symptom of maladjustment following a physiological trauma

A

Psychoemotional

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8
Q

5 forms of potential evidence of Psychoemotional

A
  1. Stuttering onsets with traumatic events
  2. Sudden onsets are more frequent than gradual onsets
  3. Recovery coincides with improved adjustment
  4. Onset age evenly distributed across the lifespan
  5. personality characteristics of emotional maladjustment should be consistently noted among those who stutter
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9
Q

Stuttering onsets with traumatic events:

A
  1. Majority of stuttering onsets are not associated with psychologically agitating events.
  2. About 40% of cases parents did report the presence of some emotionally stressful events at home, these were not traumatic.
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10
Q

Sudden onsets are far more frequent than gradual onsets:

A
  1. Stuttering onset is sudden only about 40% or so of cases.
  2. For a large majority of children the timing of onset does not support the premise.
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11
Q

Recovery coincides with imposed emotional adjustment:

A
  1. Natural recovery from stuttering would be expected to co-occur with conditions that improve psychological adjustment.
  2. Thus far, research has not revealed a noticeable for these factors in the natural recovery experienced by most preschoolers.
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12
Q

Onset age evenly distributed across the lifespan:

A
  1. If psychological states- anxiousness, nervousness, or fears- were at the root of stuttering, onset would be distributed fairly evenly across the lifespan because people at any age can be vulnerable to such states.
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13
Q

Personality characteristics of emotional maladjustments should be consistently noted among those who stutter:

A

The bulk of evidence, however, has not supported this prediction

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14
Q

Adult personality and stuttering has

A

Inconsistent findings across studies

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15
Q

Personality characteristics of people with stuttering likely reflect the impact of stuttering, not its cause. True or false

A

True

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16
Q

In adult personality and stuttering, ______ may be a contributing predisposing factor (but not, by itself, a cause)

A

Trait anxiety

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17
Q

Reflects the existence of a stable tendency to respond with anxiety in the anticipation of threatening situations

A

Trait anxiety

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18
Q

Emotional trauma or personality conflict

A

Psycho emotional

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19
Q

A learned behavior reinforced by environmental variables

A

Psycho behavioral

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20
Q

A breakdown in the processes for generating language

A

Psycho linguistic

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21
Q

____ says that stuttering is a learned behavior, that is, an acquired rather than an innate constitutionally-based disorder

A

Psycho behavioral theory

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22
Q

Foundations of psychobehavioral theory were established by:

A
  1. Pavlov (1927) in his work concerning classical conditioning &
  2. B.F. Skinners (1953) research on operant conditioning
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23
Q

____ introduced his work concerning classical conditioning

A

Pavlov (1927)

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24
Q

___ introduced his research on operant conditioning

A

B.F. Skinners (1953)

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25
Q

If a neutral stimulus (bell) is paired with a naturally-occurring stimulus (food) it can develop the power to trigger the same response (saliva)

A

Classical condition

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26
Q

Pavlov’s dog salivates when a bell rings is an example of ____

A

Classical conditioning

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27
Q

Learning in which features in the surrounding area becomes stimuli that elicit the same response

A

Classical conditioning

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28
Q

The consequence (food) of a response (standing) can change the response frequency.

A

Operant conditioning

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29
Q

When the rat stands up, food is delivered. Because the behavior was positively reinforced, the rat stands up more times

A

Operant conditioning

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30
Q

Changing the response (behavior) based on consequent events

A

Operant conditioning

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31
Q

The diagnosis causes the disorder; diagnosis of stuttering is the cause of the disorder

A

Diagnosogenic

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32
Q

Stuttering as an avoidance behavior

A

Stuttering occurs when a speaker tries to avoid normal disfluencies

33
Q

When parents disapprove; show concern over disfluency. Child struggles to avoid it.

A

Stuttering as an avoidance behavior

34
Q

The study of the psychological processes

A

Psycho

35
Q

Underlying language use

A

Linguistic

36
Q

The study of the psychological processes underlying language use

A

Psycholinguistics

37
Q

Occurrence of some stuttered speech may result from subtle deficiencies in the underlying psychological processes responsible for transforming intended words into integrated speech gestures

A

Psycholinguistics theory

38
Q

They propose that the processes responsible to retrieve and integrate language elements may not be operating smoothly

A

Psycholinguistic theory

39
Q

Psycholinguistic theories/models say that stuttering results from:

A
  1. An effort to correct a speech planning error before it surfaces (covert repair hypothesis)
  2. A defect in central processes responsible for uniting sound elements into syllables
  3. A mistimed arrival of either the sound fillers or the syllable frames essential to the execution of speech
40
Q

An effort to correct a speech planning error before it surfaces

A

Covert repair hypothesis

41
Q

Psycholinguistic processes underlying speech

A
  1. Conceptualization
  2. Formation
  3. Articulation
42
Q

Psycholinguistic processes underlying speech in formulation

A
  1. Grammatical encoding
  2. Phonological encoding
43
Q

_____ says that speech disruptions are an outcome of hyperactive self-monitoring if inner speech

A

Covert-repair hypothesis model

44
Q

Disfluencies occur when the speaker is late repairing errors in the phonological system that arise during their formulation

A
45
Q

Refers to the things hidden

A

Covert

46
Q

The term ___ refers to the speakers attempt to correct the original formulation and replan the intended speech

A

Repair

47
Q

The underlying assumption is that people who stutter may have some form of deficit with phonological encoding

A
48
Q

Clinical implications of covert-repair hypothesis model

A

People who stutter should slow down when initiating and engaging in the act of talking> to permit more time for their systems to plan the correct speech sounds

49
Q

Covert-repair hypothesis model weaknesses

A
  1. Research shows that people who stutter do not make more speech errors than those who do not stutter
  2. A subgroup of children who stutter has no difficulty with complicated phonological sequences
  3. Phonologically difficult words, or words that followed them, did not draw more instances of stuttering than other words
50
Q

wingate (1998) hypothesized that stuttering was an indication of a lack of synchrony in the assembly of linguistic elements for words

A

Fault line hypothesis theory

51
Q

Stuttering occurs at the “fault line” in phonological formulation, particularly where initial consonant and vowel are joined

A

Fault line hypothesis theory

52
Q

In fault line hypothesis theory, these phonetic elements are ____ by syllable stress

A

“Unitized”

53
Q

A moment of stuttering represents a failure to merge the prosodies (stress) and phonological aspects of speech

A

Fault line hypothesis theory

54
Q

Wingates research released most stuttering events occur on stressed syllables

A

Fault line hypothesis theory

55
Q

The difficulty is not with the articulatory act of speaking, but with the psycholinguistic processes that must act to synchronize word assembly

A

Fault line hypothesis theory

56
Q

Clinical implications of fault line hypothesis theory

A
  1. People who stutter should slow down when initiating and engaging in the act of talking> to permit more time for their systems to plan the correct speech sounds
  2. Stressed syllables may need an especially slower approach
57
Q

Clinical weaknesses of fault line hypothesis theory

A
  1. Not all stressed syllables are stuttered
  2. Not clear that stressed syllables are the primary loci of stuttering in children.
  3. Course of stuttering development was not addressed directly by wingates theory
58
Q

___ provide us with insight into the nature of disfluencies speech, but they do not explain the full picture of guttering etiology and onset.

A

Psycholinguistic theories

59
Q

For _____ more research is needed to reveal the exact nature of their role in the occurrence of stuttering

A

Psycholinguistic theories

60
Q

Genetic perspectives on stuttering

A
  1. Stuttering is genetically transmitted
  2. Genetics and research provided do not attempt to suggest the cause of stuttering, the dynamics of stuttered speech, or rules that govern stuttering
61
Q

____ & ____ provided do not attempt to suggest the cause of stuttering, the dynamics of stuttered speech, or rules that govern stuttering

A

Genetics & reseach

62
Q

Stuttering runs in families. True or false

A

True

63
Q

In genetic literature, refers to the person whose relatives are surveyed

A

Proband

64
Q

___ of the probands who stuttered had a family history of stuttering compare to ___ in probands who did not stutter

A

46%; 18%

65
Q

Study data showing a of children with stuttering having familial stuttering:
Immediate and extended family showed ____
Immediate family has showed ___ of childern
Parents showed ___ of children

A

68%, 39%, 27%

66
Q

If one member of a twin pair stutters, does the second member stutter too?

A

The answer tends to be positive

67
Q

Results of 9 twin studies conducted in serval studies varying in methodology and number of participants showed

A

A high heritability of 0.8. Still a good number of identical twin pairs did not show similarity for stuttering would appear to indicate other influences

68
Q

Familial aggregation studies analyze the detailed distribution patterns of stuttering in familial pedigrees (tree) . True or false

A

True

69
Q

Family aggregation accounts for gender, family size, degree of relatedness (i.e. first degree cousins). True or false

A

True

70
Q

Statistical method of serration analysis- Allows investigators to determine the _________ by matching the familial distributions against several possible genetic models

A

Most likely mode of genetic transmission

71
Q

Several possible genetic models for familial aggregation:

A
  1. Single major locus (SML: one or a few main genes are involved)
  2. Multi factorial polygenic (MFP: environmental factor + many genes)
  3. Mixed (both MFP & SML components)
  4. No genetic components
72
Q

One or a few main genes are involved

A

SML

73
Q

Environmental factors + many genes

A

MFP

74
Q

Analyzing materials to locate genes that underlie the disorder

A

Biological genetics

75
Q

First phase, where blood or saliva is used to identify chromosomes, and the regions within each one of them, where signals indicating possible presence of genes underlying a disorder are detected

A

Linkage analysis

76
Q

Strongest linkage signals for males only was on chromosome ____ & for females on chromosome ___

A

13 & #21

77
Q

Genes from several different chromosomes combinations may result in stuttering. True or false

A

True

78
Q

Linkage studies from a single very large, intrafamliy marriages have reported

A

Pakistani families yielded loci on chromosomes 3, 12, &16
An African family from Cameroon revealed loci on chromosomes 2, 3, 14, and 15

79
Q

No single gene is involved in stuttering. True or false

A

True

Fluency Disorders (10 decks)

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