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Fluency Disorders > Chapters 2 & 3 > Flashcards

Chapters 2 & 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How many people stutter?

A

The answer is not simple because the question can be approached from different angles and contexts

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2
Q

The number of all cases ever exhibited of a disorder, whether currently or in the past

A

Lifetime incidence

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3
Q

How many people exhibit the disorder currently

A

Prevalence

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4
Q

If there are 100 people in a group and asked, “How many of you have contracted a cold in your lifetime?”
57 people raised their hand. This example shows

A

57% incidence

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5
Q

If there are 100 people in a group and asked, “ How many of you are suffering from a cold right now or currently?”
12 people raise their hand. This example shows

A

12% prevalence

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6
Q

the number of all cases ever exhibited of a disorder, whether currently or in the past

A

lifetime incidence

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7
Q

how many people exhibit the disorder currently

A

prevalence

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8
Q

Data on these lifetime incidence and prevalence parameters are essential for:

A
  1. Designing studies of people who stutter
  2. Constructing models of stuttering
  3. Understanding their developmental trends
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9
Q

across many studies, the incidence of stuttering is

A

Incidence: .70% to 17.70%

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10
Q

data is collected from population samples at a single point in time.

A

Cross-sectional study

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11
Q

across many studies, the prevalence of stuttering is

A

Prevalence: .61% to 4.70%

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12
Q

teacher who is asked to list the children who stutter in her class

A

second-hand informers

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13
Q

listen to participant’s speech to identify stuttering

A

direct face-to-face

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14
Q

input from personnel and individual screening

A

multiple procedures

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15
Q

which research approach is used for prevalence research?

A

cross-sectional study

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16
Q

same group of individuals is followed for a period of time

A

longituditional study

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17
Q

either records are examined or the informants surveyed are requested to provide information about present as well as past cases

A

retrospective

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18
Q

which research approaches are used for incidence research?

A

longitudinal study & retrospective

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19
Q

Across research studies stuttering was not uniformly defined. true or false

A

true

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20
Q

who said: no guiding definition for informants (teachers)

A

Louttit and Halls (1936)

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21
Q

Who said: case of stuttering was counted if it was perceived to “attract attention to the speech act, interfere with communication act, or adversely affect either the speaker or listener”

A

Gillespie and Cooper (1973)

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22
Q

people who gather raw data: teachers, health professionals, parents, and/or family members

A

informants

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23
Q

They determine who stutters based on their own observations or indirect data provided by other sources (e.g., family’s oral history)

A

informants

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24
Q

Much accumulated data about stuttering prevalence and incidence has been gathered by people of widely different backgrounds and experiences. true or false

A

true

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25
Q

Overall prevalence of stuttering appears to be lower than traditionally accepted 1% and closer to .70% true or false

A

true

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26
Q

5% has been commonly cited as the lifetime incidence, more recent studies find that it is 8% or higher true or false

A

true

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27
Q

Stuttering tends to occur _____ frequently than average in families whose members stutter or used to.

A

more

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28
Q

A person who stutters is not likely to have one, several or many relatives with a history of stuttering. true or false

A

false.
A person who stutters is likely to have one, several or many relatives with a history of stuttering.

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29
Q

____ is among the strongest risk factor for stuttering

A

age

30
Q

A very large portion of cases erupts during the ____ period

A

preschool

31
Q

Prevalence may be larger than 2% nearly 3 times higher than the average prevalence across the lifespan. true or false

A

true

32
Q

Larger prevalence in males than in females true or false

A

true

33
Q

Males with twice the risk of females to exhibit the disorder true or false

A

true

34
Q

Adulthood 4 males to 1 female true or false

A

true

35
Q

tend to be intermingled

A

geography, race, culture

36
Q

Although race per se is biologically determined, concentrations of ethnic populations differ across geographic regions. true or false

A

true

36
Q

Considerable similarities are possible because all races share 99.99% of their genetic materials. true or false

A

true

36
Q

Stuttering is found world wide. true or false

A

true

37
Q

Stuttering occurs more frequently in _____ children than in European American children

A

African American

38
Q

From the 1940s to the 1960s beliefs that cultural values can significantly influence incidence of stuttering were popular. true or false

A

true

39
Q

_____ to speech skills increase the incidence and vis versa.

A

Competativeness, social pressure, attention

40
Q

assigned the cause of stuttering to parents’ attitudes towards a child’s speech

A

Diagnosogenic theory

41
Q

_____ early reports claimed Native Americans did not stutter and did not have a word for stuttering

A

1940s

42
Q

Research: a low incidence (0.05 -0.12%) among the hearing impaired

A
43
Q

Informal reports: more manual disfluency than oral disfluency among the deaf

A
44
Q

Past research: a high incidence of stuttering among those with cognitive impairments

A
45
Q

Children with Down syndrome have a ___disfluency level, but show ____emotional reactivity to their stuttering

A

high; low

46
Q

“Onset” is known as

A

the beginning

47
Q

Stuttering begins in_____

A

early childhood

48
Q

When speech is heavily influenced by:

A
  1. The noticeable growth in anatomical structures
  2. Oral motor, phonology, and language skills that are expanded sharply
  3. The immediate home environment, such as the accent and language learned.
49
Q

average age of onset

A

3 years old

50
Q

manner of onset

A

sudden & gradual onset

51
Q

suspicions of organic or psychogenic agents being involved

A

sudden onset

52
Q

favors learning explanations of stuttering because habit-forming processes take time

A

gradual onset

53
Q

Most stuttering onsets occur prior to age ____

A

5

54
Q

Differences in sample sizes and procedures make it difficult to arrive at an overall mean age of onset. true or false

A

true

55
Q

Recent studies indicate the mean onset falls before age ___

A

3

56
Q

____ does not seem to exert influence on the age at onset

A

gender

57
Q

“Traditional view” of stuttering

A

stuttering begins gradually with easy repetitions, no tension, and child was unaware has been entrenched for more than 100 years (Bluemel, 1913)

58
Q

who said: stuttering begins with sudden onset, 10% of 114 cases

A

1971 Van riper

59
Q

who said: stuttering begins with 44% sudden, 31% abrupt , 30% of 163

A

Yari and Ambrose (1992b)

60
Q

Intermediate onsets

A

within 1-2 weeks

61
Q

Investigators have had considerable agreement about the most common features of early stuttering:

A

Taylor (1937): 85% of parents listed repetitions, especially of whole words
Johson (1942): 90% of parents listed syllable- and whole-word repetitions
Johnson et al. (1959): 60% of parents listed syllable repetitions, 50% word repetition
Yairi (1983): 95% of parents listed syllable repetition, 40% word repetition
Taylor (1937) and Johnson et al (1959)- between 8% and 16% of the children exhibited stoppages, complete blocks, prolongations, and articulatory fixations.

62
Q

___ or extent of disfluent events, is often a more powerful discriminant between normal and abnormal disfluency than the frequency of disfluent events.

A

length

63
Q

physical concomitants

A

Non-speech body movements- “secondary characteristics”

64
Q

Believed to emerge after onset, as the child tries to cope with stuttering

A

physical concomitants

65
Q

Percentage of children with secondary characteristics (Head, face, and neck movements ) varies from ___to ____

A

11% to 53%

66
Q

could these behaviors be integral and not secondary?

A

This possibility has not been specifically addressed in research studies

67
Q

Although some parents have reported their children revealed strong emotional reactions associated with moments of stuttering soon after onset, such emotions appeared ___ the disorder had erupted.

A

after

68
Q

Little, if any, in-depth research of health problems associated with the onset of stuttering has been done. true or false

A

true

69
Q
A

Fluency Disorders (10 decks)

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