Chapters 2 & 3

Question 1

How many people stutter?

Answer 1

The answer is not simple because the question can be approached from different angles and contexts

Question 2

The number of all cases ever exhibited of a disorder, whether currently or in the past

Answer 2

Lifetime incidence

Question 3

How many people exhibit the disorder currently

Answer 3

Prevalence

Question 4

If there are 100 people in a group and asked, “How many of you have contracted a cold in your lifetime?”
57 people raised their hand. This example shows

Answer 4

57% incidence

Question 5

If there are 100 people in a group and asked, “ How many of you are suffering from a cold right now or currently?”
12 people raise their hand. This example shows

Answer 5

12% prevalence

Question 6

the number of all cases ever exhibited of a disorder, whether currently or in the past

Answer 6

lifetime incidence

Question 7

how many people exhibit the disorder currently

Answer 7

prevalence

Question 8

Data on these lifetime incidence and prevalence parameters are essential for:

Answer 8

1. Designing studies of people who stutter
2. Constructing models of stuttering
3. Understanding their developmental trends

Question 9

across many studies, the incidence of stuttering is

Answer 9

Incidence: .70% to 17.70%

Question 10

data is collected from population samples at a single point in time.

Answer 10

Cross-sectional study

Question 11

across many studies, the prevalence of stuttering is

Answer 11

Prevalence: .61% to 4.70%

Question 12

teacher who is asked to list the children who stutter in her class

Answer 12

second-hand informers

Question 13

listen to participant’s speech to identify stuttering

Answer 13

direct face-to-face

Question 14

input from personnel and individual screening

Answer 14

multiple procedures

Question 15

which research approach is used for prevalence research?

Answer 15

cross-sectional study

Question 16

same group of individuals is followed for a period of time

Answer 16

longituditional study

Question 17

either records are examined or the informants surveyed are requested to provide information about present as well as past cases

Answer 17

retrospective

Question 18

which research approaches are used for incidence research?

Answer 18

longitudinal study & retrospective

Question 19

Across research studies stuttering was not uniformly defined. true or false

Answer 19

true

Question 20

who said: no guiding definition for informants (teachers)

Answer 20

Louttit and Halls (1936)

Question 21

Who said: case of stuttering was counted if it was perceived to “attract attention to the speech act, interfere with communication act, or adversely affect either the speaker or listener”

Answer 21

Gillespie and Cooper (1973)

Question 22

people who gather raw data: teachers, health professionals, parents, and/or family members

Answer 22

informants

Question 23

They determine who stutters based on their own observations or indirect data provided by other sources (e.g., family’s oral history)

Answer 23

informants

Question 24

Much accumulated data about stuttering prevalence and incidence has been gathered by people of widely different backgrounds and experiences. true or false

Answer 24

true

Question 25

Overall prevalence of stuttering appears to be lower than traditionally accepted 1% and closer to .70% true or false

Answer 25

true

Question 26

5% has been commonly cited as the lifetime incidence, more recent studies find that it is 8% or higher true or false

Answer 26

true

Question 27

Stuttering tends to occur _____ frequently than average in families whose members stutter or used to.

Answer 27

more

Question 28

A person who stutters is not likely to have one, several or many relatives with a history of stuttering. true or false

Answer 28

false. A person who stutters is likely to have one, several or many relatives with a history of stuttering.

Question 29

____ is among the strongest risk factor for stuttering

Answer 29

age

Question 30

A very large portion of cases erupts during the ____ period

Answer 30

preschool

Question 31

Prevalence may be larger than 2% nearly 3 times higher than the average prevalence across the lifespan. true or false

Answer 31

true

Question 32

Larger prevalence in males than in females true or false

Answer 32

true

Question 33

Males with twice the risk of females to exhibit the disorder true or false

Answer 33

true

Question 34

Adulthood 4 males to 1 female true or false

Answer 34

true

Question 35

tend to be intermingled

Answer 35

geography, race, culture

Question 36

Although race per se is biologically determined, concentrations of ethnic populations differ across geographic regions. true or false

Answer 36

true

Question 36

Considerable similarities are possible because all races share 99.99% of their genetic materials. true or false

Answer 36

true

Question 36

Stuttering is found world wide. true or false

Answer 36

true

Question 37

Stuttering occurs more frequently in _____ children than in European American children

Answer 37

African American

Question 38

From the 1940s to the 1960s beliefs that cultural values can significantly influence incidence of stuttering were popular. true or false

Answer 38

true

Question 39

_____ to speech skills increase the incidence and vis versa.

Answer 39

Competativeness, social pressure, attention

Question 40

assigned the cause of stuttering to parents’ attitudes towards a child’s speech

Answer 40

Diagnosogenic theory

Question 41

_____ early reports claimed Native Americans did not stutter and did not have a word for stuttering

Answer 41

1940s

Question 42

Research: a low incidence (0.05 -0.12%) among the hearing impaired

Question 43

Informal reports: more manual disfluency than oral disfluency among the deaf

Question 44

Past research: a high incidence of stuttering among those with cognitive impairments

Question 45

Children with Down syndrome have a ___disfluency level, but show ____emotional reactivity to their stuttering

Answer 45

high; low

Question 46

“Onset” is known as

Answer 46

the beginning

Question 47

Stuttering begins in_____

Answer 47

early childhood

Question 48

When speech is heavily influenced by:

Answer 48

1. The noticeable growth in anatomical structures 2. Oral motor, phonology, and language skills that are expanded sharply 3. The immediate home environment, such as the accent and language learned.

Question 49

average age of onset

Answer 49

3 years old

Question 50

manner of onset

Answer 50

sudden & gradual onset

Question 51

suspicions of organic or psychogenic agents being involved

Answer 51

sudden onset

Question 52

favors learning explanations of stuttering because habit-forming processes take time

Answer 52

gradual onset

Question 53

Most stuttering onsets occur prior to age ____

Answer 53

5

Question 54

Differences in sample sizes and procedures make it difficult to arrive at an overall mean age of onset. true or false

Answer 54

true

Question 55

Recent studies indicate the mean onset falls before age ___

Answer 55

3

Question 56

____ does not seem to exert influence on the age at onset

Answer 56

gender

Question 57

“Traditional view” of stuttering

Answer 57

stuttering begins gradually with easy repetitions, no tension, and child was unaware has been entrenched for more than 100 years (Bluemel, 1913)

Question 58

who said: stuttering begins with sudden onset, 10% of 114 cases

Answer 58

1971 Van riper

Question 59

who said: stuttering begins with 44% sudden, 31% abrupt , 30% of 163

Answer 59

Yari and Ambrose (1992b)

Question 60

Intermediate onsets

Answer 60

within 1-2 weeks

Question 61

Investigators have had considerable agreement about the most common features of early stuttering:

Answer 61

Taylor (1937): 85% of parents listed repetitions, especially of whole words Johson (1942): 90% of parents listed syllable- and whole-word repetitions Johnson et al. (1959): 60% of parents listed syllable repetitions, 50% word repetition Yairi (1983): 95% of parents listed syllable repetition, 40% word repetition Taylor (1937) and Johnson et al (1959)- between 8% and 16% of the children exhibited stoppages, complete blocks, prolongations, and articulatory fixations.

Question 62

___ or extent of disfluent events, is often a more powerful discriminant between normal and abnormal disfluency than the frequency of disfluent events.

Answer 62

length

Question 63

physical concomitants

Answer 63

Non-speech body movements- “secondary characteristics”

Question 64

Believed to emerge after onset, as the child tries to cope with stuttering

Answer 64

physical concomitants

Question 65

Percentage of children with secondary characteristics (Head, face, and neck movements ) varies from ___to ____

Answer 65

11% to 53%

Question 66

could these behaviors be integral and not secondary?

Answer 66

This possibility has not been specifically addressed in research studies

Question 67

Although some parents have reported their children revealed strong emotional reactions associated with moments of stuttering soon after onset, such emotions appeared ___ the disorder had erupted.

Answer 67

after

Question 68

Little, if any, in-depth research of health problems associated with the onset of stuttering has been done. true or false

Answer 68

true