Chapters 3 & 4 Flashcards
Occurring during the same time period
Concomitantly
Most common period of stuttering onset
18 to 42 months of age
Scientific literature make many references to a wide range of disorders present concomitantly with stuttering
A study of student who stutter reported ___ had articulation disorders and ____ had language disorders
46%; 26%
Are disordered of articulation present at the time of stuttering onset or shortly thereafter?
Tempting to suggest and/or wonder… difficulties with fluency could co—occur with phonological deviations because the presence of one facilitates the manifestation of the other or because the two share common etiologies
What is the pertinent research evidence?
Clark et. Al compared 128 preschooler CWS and 149 NFC reported no relationship between the CWS’s articulation scores and the frequency of severity of their stuttering.
Throneberg et al. Observed that among 75 CWS ages 29 to 59 months, seen close to onset, none had profound phonological deficits only 7% had severe phonological disorders.
“If there is a strong relationship between stuttering and disordered phonology it would be expected that a larger portion of stutterers than no stutterers would have severe phonological disorders.”
What is the pertinent research evidence?
No relationship between the level of stuttering severity and the level of phonological skills close to onset
Yaruss and Conture found no differences in the frequency, duration, or severity of disfluencies during conversational speech.
Although a stuttering-phonology deficiency link at the time of onset remains unclear, a subgroup of CWS appears to be more vulnerable
Paden & Yairi tested one year after onset, the average phonological performance stuttering lagged behind the normally fluent speakers and those who “recovered naturally.”
The difference, however, were a matter of slower acquisition, not abnormal development pattern, and it subsided within 2 years
Is stuttering associated with language disorders?
The answer depends on time/age when language measures are taken
Early literature review generalized that -
“Sutterers performed more poorly than nonstutterers on some tests of language development”
A later analysis of 22 studies, mostly of school age population up to 8 years, concluded CWS scored lower than NFC on normative measures of both receptive and expressive language
This data had little to do with children at or near the onset of stuttering
Most of the children, who ranged up to 8, were way beyond the typical age of onset for stuttering
Keep in mind that lower does not mean ____
Disordered
In a large investigation of 84 children, ages 2 to 5, language skills data yielded mean scores at or well above norms
Both receptive and expressive language scores near onset were higher than normative values
A study by Watkins concluded “there is virtually no evidence that language development is vulnerable in any significant nu,bear of young children who stutter”
Furthermore she offered that advanced expressive language skills may be a risk factor for the onset of stuttering in some children, perhaps placing excessive demands for language production on an immature speech motor system
Overall, in the authors view, as was the case with phonology, current data do not seem to indicate gross, or widespread, language deficiency associated with the onset of stuttering
Unidirectional path that began mildly and then in a stepwise succession increased in abnormality.
Robinson (1964) stated that-
“Stuttering seldom remains static. It grows. And as it grows, it tends to change form and severity. Early patterns are replaced, obscured, or supplemented by more pronounced and abnormal behavior. Repetitions or prolongations become troublesome blocks.”
Bluemel in 1932 stated that-
- Primary stuttering: pure speech disorder characterized exclusively by easy repetitions
- Secondary stuttering: marked by physical tension in speech and child’s awareness of the stuttering which leads to fear and avoidance of speaking
All children are expected to follow a similar pattern
1971 van Riper new developmental system that recognized 4 alternative tracks
Based on 4 risk factors:
- Age of onset
- Type of onset
- Pattern of stuttering: repetitions, blocks, tension
- Concomitant speech-language problems
A most remarkable aspect of stuttering is its _____ in a larger percentage of affected young children
Disappearance
Natural/spontaneous recovery
Implies that recovery occurs without treatment
Criterion for natural recovery:
- Initially, no stuttering present for a minimum of 12 months as judged by both a parent and clinician; must be maintained fir four years.
- Parental rating of stuttering as less than 1 on an 8 point scale.
- Clinician rating of stuttering severity as less than 1
- Stuttering like disfluencies observed and reported as fewer than 3 per 100 syllables.
