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Pharm I > Chapters 6-11 > Flashcards

Chapters 6-11 Flashcards

1
Q

Potentiative

A

Increase activity of drug

1 +1 =2

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2
Q

Inhibitory

A

Decrease the effect of the drug

1 + 1 =0

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3
Q

Change

A

Changes the drug activity/effectiveness completely

1 + 1 =orange

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4
Q

What all can drug interactions mess up?

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and/or excretion

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5
Q

What happens when you mix the drug tetracyclines with calcium?

A

Tetracycline when taken with calcium will render the tetracycline inactive
Teeth and bones become grey

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6
Q

What happens when you mix the drug digoxin with fiber?

A

The fiber and digoxin bind causing the digoxin not to work. This can kill a patient

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7
Q

What happens when you mix the drugs with aluminum in them with citrus?

A

The body will start to absorb the aluminum when it normally would not

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8
Q

S.A.S.H

Why do you do S.A.S.H?

A

Saline flush
Administer medication
Saline flush
Heparin lock

Because you are adding an IV to the main IV line and you need to make sure the drug won’t mix and have adverse effects with the other drug. More precautionary than anything. You do this just in case the previous nurse didn’t do the saline flushes

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9
Q

Cytochrome P450 (CYP)

A

Messes stuff up to drugs (Knappiers words)

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10
Q

Substrate

A

Drug metabolized by CYP

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11
Q

Inducer

A

Speeds up a drug

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12
Q

Inhibitor

A

Slows down a drug

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13
Q

Anti-depresent Paroxetine is an inhibitor. What would happen if a patient was taking both paroxetine and metoprolol (metoprolol is a substrate-aka a drug metabolized by CYP)

A

So the anti-depressent would inhibit CYP to metabolize the drug metoprolol (a beta blocker–beta blockers reduce HR). Therefore, the metoprolol is not “sawed up” (metabolized) so your HR would not be lowered as effectively

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14
Q

What is the 4th leading cause of death in America?

A

Adverse drug reactions

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15
Q

Adverse drug reaction

A

An undesired effect that occurs at a normal dose

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16
Q

Side effect

A

An ADR that is very mild, expected, predictable, and tolerable

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17
Q

Do we ever give some medications for the side effects they produce?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Toxicity

A

Severe ADR that occur with an overdose (technical term)

Severe ADR regardless of the dose (what most people mean)

19
Q

Allergic reaction

A
  • Some fairly minor others can be deadly

- The result of an immune response

20
Q

Allergy

A

Previous exposure

21
Q

Many drugs have the potential to be toxic to the ____ and ___.

A

Liver and heart

22
Q

What are the two main reasons a drug causes damage to the liver

A 
Excessive dosing
Normal dosing (idiosyncratic)
23
Q

Idiosyncratic

A

A normal dose be fine to one patient but causes damage in another

24
Q

What are the 8 signs of liver damage?

A 
J.A.U.N.D.I.C.E
J-jaundice
A-anorexia
U-Upper abdominal pain
N-Nausea, vomiting
D-Dark urine
I-Increased need for sleep
C-Clay colored stool
E-Encephalopathy (brain disease) & ecchymosis (bruising)
25
Q

If a patients QT interval is abnormally long/prolonged, they may be at risk for developing dangerous heart rhythms, specifically _______.

A

Torsades de pointes–> leads to ventricular fibrillation

26
Q

If a drug lists prolonged QT interval as a risk, who are some people that are at an even higher risk for this developing?

A
  • Patients who are on multiple QT drugs
  • Women
  • Elderly patients who have bradycardia
  • Patients with decreased K and decreased Mg
  • Patients with heart failure
27
Q

Why are women who take a drug that has a risk of prolonged QT more at risk than men?

A

Women tend to have slower QT intervals..so taking a drug with a prolonged QT makes their intervals even slower

28
Q

What are the three main problems that can occur with genetic variations?

A

Metabolism (most common)
Receptors
Immune responses

29
Q

Pharmacogenomics

A

The future of medicine using genetic testing for drugs

30
Q

What are the three types of tolerances to drugs we have and define them

A

Pharmacodynamic: When our bodies develop tolerance to a drug, requiring us to take larger and larger quantities

Metabolic tolerance: Inducers (alcohol is an inducer–taking a drug with alcohol causes the liver to metabolize quicker–more drug needed to produce therapeutic effects)

Tachyphylaxis: fast protection; the body notices a large level of a drug and quickly develops the ability to resists its effects

31
Q

Teratogenesis

A

Any drug that harms the normal cellular development of an embryo or fetus

32
Q

What 3 problems does teratogenesis cause?

A

Major structural: 1-3%, may require surgery

Minor structural: Does not necessarily require surgery

Functional: Everything looks normal, but an organ may not function correctly

33
Q

If a teratogen is exposed to the zygote during the first couple weeks after conception, what will happen?

A

Completely unharmed or it will die–basically all or nothing

34
Q

What is the period during pregnancy when major structural defects can occur?

A

during 3-8 weeks of the embryonic period–>these could lead to death or require surgical intervention

35
Q

What is the period during pregnancy when minor structural defects occur?

A

Fetal period (weeks 9-38)

36
Q

If you look at a drug guide and it has pregnancy risk categories, what category represents the least amount of risk or the safest? What category represents the off limits to taking that drug–as in the risk outweighs the benefits?

A 
A=remote risk/safest
B= not given in PPT
C= not given in PPT
D=Proven risk
X= Risks outweigh benefits
37
Q

What kind of drugs pass into breast milk the easiest?

A

Lipid soluble, but practically all drugs can cross into the breast milk

38
Q

What is the most vulnerable age group when it comes to medications and pediatrics? Why?

A

Neonates and infants; their various organs are immature and may not be prepared to handle meds

39
Q

When do infants organ systems mature and operate fairy similarly to adults?

A

By age one

40
Q

What are the unique features of infants that cause them to be more sensitive to drugs and ADR?

A
  • Irregular gastric emptying
  • Changes in gastric pH
  • Lower levels of albumin
  • Slow metabolizers of medication
  • Don’t excrete drugs through the kidneys well

[GASK: Gastric (emptying/pH, albumin (levels), Slow (metabolizers), Kidneys (don’t excrete as well)]

41
Q

Why is absorption slow when giving a NEONATE an IM injection?

A

They have poor blood flow to their muscles

42
Q

Why is absorption quicker (including being quicker in adults) when giving an INFANT an IM medication?

A

An infant has greater absorption since they have less fat

43
Q

What is the test to most accurately assess kidney function in the elderly?

A

Creatinine clearance

44
Q

Creatinine clearance

A

Drawing blood and collecting urine to assess kidney function

Pharm I (30 decks)

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