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Pharm I > Chapters 1-5 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

Study of drugs and their interactions with living systems

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2
Q

Clinical pharmacology

A

The study of drugs in humans

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3
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics

A

The use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or to prevent pregnancy

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4
Q

Pharmacon

A

Greek word meaning remedy or poison

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5
Q

What are the three top drug concerns?

A

Efficacy
Safety
Selectivity

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6
Q

What are the 7 other concerns about drugs?

A

Reversibility, Predictability, Convenience, Interactions, Cost, Shelf-life, and Confusing Names

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7
Q

What are the 6 rights?

A

Patient, drug, dose, route, time, documentation

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8
Q

Which testing is done in animals?

A

Preclinical testing

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9
Q

What are the 4 parts to clinical testing?

A

I. Healthy Volunteers
II. Patients (Small)
III. Patients (Large)
IV. Post marketing surveillance

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10
Q

What are the 4 aspects to randomized controlled trials (RCT)?

A

Controls
Blinding (double)
Randomization
Repetition

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11
Q

What are three problems with RCTs?

A

Small size
Short time periods
Unrealistic samples

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12
Q

Be aware of greed: Ghost writers

A

Many articles published in medical journals are written by drug companies, then the company pays a doctor or a professor to put their name on the article

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13
Q

Be aware of greed: Patent extenders

A

The drug is altered in an insignificant way, but sold at higher costs

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14
Q

Be aware of greed: Trade names

A

Used to boost products, but causes safety problems and confusion

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15
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Movement of drugs

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16
Q

What are the three ways drugs cross through the membranes?

A

Channels or pores
Transport systems
Direct penetration

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17
Q

Ions (define)

Can they go through a membrane via direct penetration?

A

Atom that has an electrical charge (either - or +)

No

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18
Q

Acids ____ protons

A

Give up

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19
Q

Bases ____ protons

20
Q

Absorption

A

The movement of the drug into the bloodstream

21
Q

What are the 5 absorption factors?

A 
Lipid solubility
Rate of dissolution
Surface area (sidenote: intestines have a massive surface area)
Blood flow
pH partitioning (ion trapping)
22
Q

What are the two major drug administration routes?

A

Enteral (PO, NG tube, G tube, Rectal)

Parenteral (IV, IM, Sub Cut, ID)

23
Q

Distribution

A

The movement of the drug from the bloodstream into tissues

24
Q

What are the three distribution factors?

A

Exiting capillary bed
Tissue perfusion
Entering the cell

25
Q

If a drug is lipid soluble and attached to a protein, will it still be able to get out of the tissue?

26
Q

What is Pgp and what does it do?

A

P Glycoprotein

Blocks some lipid soluble drugs

27
Q

What are 5 locations of Pgp?

A 
Brain
Intestines
Liver
Placenta
Kidneys
28
Q

Metabolism

A

The alteration of a drug’s structure via enzymes

29
Q

Where is the main location for metabolism?

30
Q

What is the family of enzymes whose job is to break down drugs?

A

Cytochrome P450 Family (CYP)

31
Q

What are the three metabolism outcomes?

A

Renal excretion
Change in activity
Change in toxicity

32
Q

Prodrug

A

When you swallow a drug but it doesn’t have any affect until it reaches its site of metabolism and is metabolized

33
Q

Excretion (define)

What is the major site of excretion?

A

The movement of the drug out of the body

Kidneys

34
Q

What is an example of a water-soluble vitamin?

35
Q

What are the 4 fat-soluble vitamins (do not get peed out-stored in adipose)

A

A, D, E, and K

36
Q

What are some other excretion routes?

A

Bile/stool
Sweat/saliva
Lungs
Breast milk

37
Q

Half-life

A

The time it takes for a drug level to drop by half

38
Q

How many half-lives occur before a drug reaches steady state?

39
Q

Loading dose

A

A large initial dose to make a drug reach steady state quicker

40
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

How drugs work

41
Q

Agonists

A

Activate receptors. They can activate the “brake” or they can activate the “gas pedal”..point is they are activators

42
Q

Antagonists

A

Block receptors. They can block the “brake” or they can block the “gas pedal”..point is they are blockers

43
Q

Affinity

A

Attraction to the receptor

44
Q

Intrinsic activity

A

Stronger connection to activate a receptor

45
Q

What is the ED50? Is this the same with all patients?

A

Effective dose 50

No

46
Q

If the initial dose differs by a small amount (10-20%), should we notify the prescriber? Why or why not?

A

No. If it’s 10-20% higher or lower than the recommended dose it is okay. Every patient is different, and some patients need slightly higher (or lower) doses than others

Pharm I (30 decks)

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