Chapters 5&6: Biological Molecules

Question 1

Four classes of large biological molecules?

Answer 1

polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

Question 2

What is a macromolecule?

Answer 2

large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms…polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are LARGER than lipids

Question 3

Structure determines….

Answer 3

FUNCTION!

Question 4

which macromolecule is not a polymer built from monomers?

Answer 4

lipids

Question 5

what is a polymer?

Answer 5

long molecule consisting of many or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

Question 6

If lipids are not polymers, what are they?

Answer 6

macromolecules

Question 7

what is an enzyme?

Answer 7

macromolecule that speeds up a chemical reaction

Question 8

what process do polymers go under for synthesis?

Answer 8

dehydration synthesis

Question 9

what is the process to reverse dehydration synthesis?

Answer 9

hydrolysis

Question 10

what are carbohydrates?

Answer 10

includes sugars and the polymers of sugars

Question 11

monosaccharide

Answer 11

single sugar

Question 12

polysaccharide

Answer 12

many sugars

Question 13

what multiple is a monosaccharide usually?

Answer 13

CH2O

Question 14

What is the storage polysaccharide in plants?

Answer 14

Starch

Question 15

what kind of bond is formed between sugars?

Answer 15

glycosidic linkeage

Question 16

wha does starch consist of?

Answer 16

glucose only!

Question 17

how do plants store starch?

Answer 17

as granules in chloroplasts and other plastids

Question 18

how would you describe an unbranched starch?

Answer 18

amylose

Question 19

how would you describe a branched starch?

Answer 19

amylopectin

Question 20

what is the storage polysaccharide in animals?

Answer 20

glycogen

Question 21

where do animals store gylogen?

Answer 21

in liver and muscle cells!

Question 22

in comparison to starch, how is the structure of glycogen?

Answer 22

MORE BRANCHED

Question 23

what is the structural polysaccharide in plants?

Answer 23

cellulose

Question 24

what is cellulose / what does it do?

Answer 24

cellulose is a major component of the cell wall, helps structural support

Question 25

what is cellulose made of?

Answer 25

glucose

Question 26

what is different about cellulose as far as the glycosidic linkages go?

Answer 26

they are far more tough

Question 27

what is the significance of the glycosidic linkages being more tough?

Answer 27

if the enzymes cannot hydrolyze starch, they cant hydrolyze cellulose

Question 28

so...how does cellulose in the human body work if one would eat a plant?

Answer 28

the cellulose passes through the GI tract as a fiber

Question 29

are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 29

hydrophobic

Question 30

why are lipids hydrophobic?

Answer 30

the hydrocarbon regions!!!!!

Question 31

how are fats constructed?

Answer 31

from smaller molecules by dehydration synthesis reactions

Question 32

function of fats?

Answer 32

energy storage

Question 33

what are fats made of?

Answer 33

glycerol and fatty acids

Question 34

what is a gylcerol?

Answer 34

a 3 carbon alcohol with hydroxyl group attached to the carbon

Question 35

what is a fatty acid?

Answer 35

carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

Question 36

what bond is formed between glycerol?

Answer 36

ester linkage!

Question 37

what is a saturated fatty acid?

Answer 37

containing the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds between carbons

Question 38

what is an unsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 38

having one or more double bonds between carbons

Question 39

characteristics of saturated fats?

Answer 39

solid at room temp with NO BENDS

Question 40

characteristics of unsaturated fats?

Answer 40

liquid at room temp with BENDS

Question 41

which fat is more "healthy"?

Answer 41

saturated fats

Question 42

what causes these "bends" in the unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 42

cis double bonds

Question 43

what is a phospholipid?

Answer 43

two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol

Question 44

which part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?

Answer 44

the tail...because of the fatty acid

Question 45

which part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic?

Answer 45

the head...because of the phosphate group

Question 46

Steroids have...

Answer 46

a 4 ring structure

Question 47

building block of steroids?

Answer 47

cholesterol