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Biology 1500 > Chapters 5&6: Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Chapters 5&6: Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Four classes of large biological molecules?

A

polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

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2
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms…polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are LARGER than lipids

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3
Q

Structure determines….

A

FUNCTION!

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4
Q

which macromolecule is not a polymer built from monomers?

A

lipids

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5
Q

what is a polymer?

A

long molecule consisting of many or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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6
Q

If lipids are not polymers, what are they?

A

macromolecules

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7
Q

what is an enzyme?

A

macromolecule that speeds up a chemical reaction

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8
Q

what process do polymers go under for synthesis?

A

dehydration synthesis

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9
Q

what is the process to reverse dehydration synthesis?

A

hydrolysis

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10
Q

what are carbohydrates?

A

includes sugars and the polymers of sugars

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11
Q

monosaccharide

A

single sugar

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12
Q

polysaccharide

A

many sugars

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13
Q

what multiple is a monosaccharide usually?

A

CH2O

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14
Q

What is the storage polysaccharide in plants?

A

Starch

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15
Q

what kind of bond is formed between sugars?

A

glycosidic linkeage

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16
Q

wha does starch consist of?

A

glucose only!

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17
Q

how do plants store starch?

A

as granules in chloroplasts and other plastids

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18
Q

how would you describe an unbranched starch?

A

amylose

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19
Q

how would you describe a branched starch?

A

amylopectin

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20
Q

what is the storage polysaccharide in animals?

A

glycogen

21
Q

where do animals store gylogen?

A

in liver and muscle cells!

22
Q

in comparison to starch, how is the structure of glycogen?

A

MORE BRANCHED

23
Q

what is the structural polysaccharide in plants?

A

cellulose

24
Q

what is cellulose / what does it do?

A

cellulose is a major component of the cell wall, helps structural support

25
Q

what is cellulose made of?

A

glucose

26
Q

what is different about cellulose as far as the glycosidic linkages go?

A

they are far more tough

27
Q

what is the significance of the glycosidic linkages being more tough?

A

if the enzymes cannot hydrolyze starch, they cant hydrolyze cellulose

28
Q

so…how does cellulose in the human body work if one would eat a plant?

A

the cellulose passes through the GI tract as a fiber

29
Q

are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

30
Q

why are lipids hydrophobic?

A

the hydrocarbon regions!!!!!

31
Q

how are fats constructed?

A

from smaller molecules by dehydration synthesis reactions

32
Q

function of fats?

A

energy storage

33
Q

what are fats made of?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

34
Q

what is a gylcerol?

A

a 3 carbon alcohol with hydroxyl group attached to the carbon

35
Q

what is a fatty acid?

A

carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

36
Q

what bond is formed between glycerol?

A

ester linkage!

37
Q

what is a saturated fatty acid?

A

containing the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds between carbons

38
Q

what is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

having one or more double bonds between carbons

39
Q

characteristics of saturated fats?

A

solid at room temp with NO BENDS

40
Q

characteristics of unsaturated fats?

A

liquid at room temp with BENDS

41
Q

which fat is more “healthy”?

A

saturated fats

42
Q

what causes these “bends” in the unsaturated fatty acids?

A

cis double bonds

43
Q

what is a phospholipid?

A

two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol

44
Q

which part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?

A

the tail…because of the fatty acid

45
Q

which part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic?

A

the head…because of the phosphate group

46
Q

Steroids have…

A

a 4 ring structure

47
Q

building block of steroids?

A

cholesterol

48
Q
A

Biology 1500 (8 decks)

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