Cellular Respiration & Fermentation

Question 1

Why do organic compounds posses potential energy?

Answer 1

because of the bonds between the atoms!

Question 2

What is the general / parent function for cellular respiration?

Answer 2

C6H12O6 + 6O2 YIELDS 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

Question 3

what is oxidized in this equation?

Answer 3

glucose!

Question 4

what is reduced in this equation?

Answer 4

oxygen gas

Question 5

where do the electrons travel to, from glucose?

Answer 5

electron carriers, usually NAD+

Question 6

what does NAD+ stand for?

Answer 6

nicotinamide adenine di-nucleotide

Question 7

what enzyme take the electrons (hydrogen ions) out of glucose?

Answer 7

dehydrogenase

Question 8

what is this equation for reduction of NAD+?

Answer 8

NAD+ + 2H+ + 2e- = NADH + H+

Question 9

Where else is energy harvested?

Answer 9

substrate level phosphorylation

Question 10

What are the 4 steps of cellular respiration?

Answer 10

1.) Glycolysis
2.) Pyruvate Oxidation
3.) Citric Acid Cycle
4.) Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 11

What does glycolysis mean?

Answer 11

Sugar Splitting

Question 12

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 12

in the cytosol

Question 13

what does glycolysis produce per glucose molecule?

Answer 13

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate

Question 14

How much ATP does glycolysis use?

Answer 14

2 ATP

Question 15

What is required for pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 15

oxygen!

Question 16

where does pyruvate enter to become oxidized?

Answer 16

mitochondria

Question 17

what is produced in pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 17

2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2

Question 18

What does FAD stand for?

Answer 18

flavin adenine dinucleotide

Question 19

What are the products for 2 rounds of the citric acid cycle?

Answer 19

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

Question 20

how is the ATP made in the TCA cycle?

Answer 20

via substrate level phosphorylation

Question 21

Where is a good chunk of the energy taken from not counting the ATP?

Answer 21

the high energy electrons being carried in the NADH and FADH2

Question 22

what is the electron transport chain?

Answer 22

a set of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy to eventually make ATP**

Question 23

where is the ETC found?

Answer 23

inner membrane of mitochondria

Question 24

which is less electronegative NADH or FADH2

Answer 24

NADH

Question 25

does the ETC produce ATP itself?

Answer 25

NO!!!

Question 26

so how are we creating ATP via the ETC?

Answer 26

the ETC will release energy to then pump protons across their electrochemical gradient to then create ATP eventually

Question 27

where are the protons pumped?

Answer 27

intermembrane space

Question 28

what is the potential energy that is stored called?

Answer 28

proton motive force

Question 29

What is the conversion ratio between hydrogen ions and NADH / FADH2

Answer 29

for every 10 H+ pumped per NADH, there will be 2.5 ATP made. AND for every 6 H+ pumped, there will be 1.5 ATP pumped

Question 30

how many ATP molecules do we end up with?

Answer 30

30-32 ATP

Question 31

Why is fermentation important?

Answer 31

it can function without oxygen

Question 32

what kind of process is fermentation?

Answer 32

catabolic

Question 33

what is the critical step in fermentation?

Answer 33

regeneration of NAD+

Question 34

what are the two common types of fermentation?

Answer 34

alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

Question 35

how many steps are involved in alcohol fermentation?

Answer 35

2 steps

Question 36

what is the molecule that pyruvate is converted to in alcohol fermentation?

Answer 36

acetaldehyde

Question 37

product of alcohol fermentation?

Answer 37

ethanol

Question 38

how many steps does lactic acid fermentation have?

Answer 38

1 step!

Question 39

what is the product in lactic acid fermentation?

Answer 39

pyruvate is reduced to form lactic acid