Cellular Respiration & Fermentation Flashcards
Why do organic compounds posses potential energy?
because of the bonds between the atoms!
What is the general / parent function for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 YIELDS 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
what is oxidized in this equation?
glucose!
what is reduced in this equation?
oxygen gas
where do the electrons travel to, from glucose?
electron carriers, usually NAD+
what does NAD+ stand for?
nicotinamide adenine di-nucleotide
what enzyme take the electrons (hydrogen ions) out of glucose?
dehydrogenase
what is this equation for reduction of NAD+?
NAD+ + 2H+ + 2e- = NADH + H+
Where else is energy harvested?
substrate level phosphorylation
What are the 4 steps of cellular respiration?
1.) Glycolysis
2.) Pyruvate Oxidation
3.) Citric Acid Cycle
4.) Oxidative Phosphorylation
What does glycolysis mean?
Sugar Splitting
Where does glycolysis occur?
in the cytosol
what does glycolysis produce per glucose molecule?
2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate
How much ATP does glycolysis use?
2 ATP
What is required for pyruvate oxidation?
oxygen!
where does pyruvate enter to become oxidized?
mitochondria
what is produced in pyruvate oxidation?
2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2
What does FAD stand for?
flavin adenine dinucleotide
What are the products for 2 rounds of the citric acid cycle?
6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
how is the ATP made in the TCA cycle?
via substrate level phosphorylation
Where is a good chunk of the energy taken from not counting the ATP?
the high energy electrons being carried in the NADH and FADH2
what is the electron transport chain?
a set of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy to eventually make ATP**
where is the ETC found?
inner membrane of mitochondria
which is less electronegative NADH or FADH2
NADH
does the ETC produce ATP itself?
NO!!!
so how are we creating ATP via the ETC?
the ETC will release energy to then pump protons across their electrochemical gradient to then create ATP eventually
where are the protons pumped?
intermembrane space
what is the potential energy that is stored called?
proton motive force
What is the conversion ratio between hydrogen ions and NADH / FADH2
for every 10 H+ pumped per NADH, there will be 2.5 ATP made. AND for every 6 H+ pumped, there will be 1.5 ATP pumped
how many ATP molecules do we end up with?
30-32 ATP
Why is fermentation important?
it can function without oxygen
what kind of process is fermentation?
catabolic
what is the critical step in fermentation?
regeneration of NAD+
what are the two common types of fermentation?
alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation
how many steps are involved in alcohol fermentation?
2 steps
what is the molecule that pyruvate is converted to in alcohol fermentation?
acetaldehyde
product of alcohol fermentation?
ethanol
how many steps does lactic acid fermentation have?
1 step!
what is the product in lactic acid fermentation?
pyruvate is reduced to form lactic acid
