Chapter 22: Evolution

Question 1

Homologous Structures

Answer 1

Structures in different species that are similar because of a common ancestor

Question 2

Adaptation

Answer 2

an inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its chances of survival and reproduction

Question 2

Vestigal Structure

Answer 2

Structure that is a historical remnant that currently serves little to no purpose in the current organism

Question 2

Biogeography

Answer 2

scientific study of past and present geographic distribution of species

Question 2

Fossil

Answer 2

A preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past

Question 3

Natural Selection

Answer 3

the unequal survival and reproduction of individuals with different traits in a population

Question 3

Artificial Selection

Answer 3

the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals in order to get the desired traits

Question 3

Analogous

Answer 3

having characteristics that are similar due to convergent evolution, not homology

Question 4

Convergent Evolution

Answer 4

the evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary linegaes

Question 5

homology

Answer 5

similarity in characteristics due to a shared common ancestor

Question 6

Theory

Answer 6

An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence

Question 7

Biosphere

Answer 7

sum of all the planets ecosystems

Question 8

hypothesis

Answer 8

a testable and falsifiable explanation made by inductive reasoning that is narrow in scope

Question 9

gene

Answer 9

a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA or RNA

Question 10

proteom

Answer 10

the entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue or organism

Question 11

community

Answer 11

all the organisms that inhabit a particular area, a combination of populations of different species

Question 12

inductive reasoning

Answer 12

a type of reasoning in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations

Question 13

ecosystem

Answer 13

All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them

Question 14

gene expression

Answer 14

The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.

Question 15

emergent properites

Answer 15

New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.

Question 16

deductive reasoning

Answer 16

a type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise