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Biology 1500 > Chapter 11: Cell Communication > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Cell Communication Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cell signaling mechanisms an example of?

A

Evolutionary Relatedness!

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2
Q

What is the connection used in animal cells?

A

Gap Junctions

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3
Q

What is the connection used in plant cells?

A

Plasmodesmata

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4
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

Signaling cell secretes signaling molecule that only travels a short distance

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5
Q

Synaptic Signaling

A

secretion of neurotransmitters from a neuron that triggers a response in target cells

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6
Q

Endocrine Signaling

A

hormones are secreted and travel throughout the body via the bloodstream.

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7
Q

Three Stages of Cellular Signaling

A

Reception, Transduction, Response

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8
Q

What do “Signal Transduction Pathways” do?

A

They convert a signal originating outside the cell into a cellular response

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9
Q

What is “reception”?

A

A signaling molecule bins to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape

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10
Q

What are Ligands?

A

signaling molecules that bind to another, often larger molecules

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11
Q

what does binding of a ligand do?

A

causes a change in shape, meaning a change in function too….because structure determines function!

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12
Q

Why is reception specific?

A

Because cells only respond to signals for which they have a specific receptor for.

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13
Q

Ligands have a high…

A

degree of specificity

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14
Q

3 main receptors in plasma membranes

A

1.) G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)
2.) Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)
3.) Ligand Gated Ion Channels (LGIC)

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15
Q

When is the GPCR active?

A

When bound to GTP

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16
Q

What does GTPase do?

A

hydrolyze GTP to GDP + Pi = inactive

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16
Q

When is the GPCR inactive?

A

When bound to GDP

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17
Q

What is RTK involved in?

A

controlling cell division!

18
Q

What is dimerization?

A

when ligands bind to 2-receptor monomers, the RTK forms a dimer

19
Q

What is transduction?

A

cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptor to target molecules in the cell

20
Q

NOTE***

A

The original signaling molecule is not passed along, only the information it carries is!

21
Q

Signal Amplification

A

benefit of transduction

22
Q

What molecule carries out protein phosphorylation?

A

Protein Kinases

23
Q

What molecule carries out protein de-phosphorylation?

A

Protein Phosphhotases

24
Q

What are common second messangers?

A

Cyclic AMP, Calcium ions

25
Q

What does the addition of the phosphate do?

A

Activation!

26
Q

What are second messangers?

A

small, non protein molecules that spread rapidly throughout a cell by diffusion or laterally in a membrane

27
Q

what does cAMP stand for?

A

cyclic adenosine monophosphate

28
Q

what does IP3 stand for?

A

inositol triphosphate

29
Q

what converts ATP into cAMP?

A

Adenylyl Cyclase

30
Q

What converts cAMP back into ATP?

A

Phosphodiesterase

31
Q

Where are the calcium ions stored?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

32
Q

what does DAG stand for?

A

diacylglycerol

33
Q

how are IP3 and DAG produced?

A

they are produced by clevage of specific type of phospholipid called PIP3 in the plasma membrane

34
Q

What the two main cellular responses?

A

Cytoplasmic and Nuclear

35
Q

What do nuclear pathways do?

A

aid in gene regulation by changing the shape of the proteins made, therefore changing the function

36
Q

What is the degree of response regulated by? 4 things.

A

1.) Signal Amplification
2.) Coordination of Response
3.) Signal Efficiency
4.) Termination of Signal

37
Q

What is signal amplification?

A

the process by which the activated products can be much greater in number than the preceeding step.

38
Q

How is signal amplification performed?

A

Protein Catalysts (Enzymes)

39
Q

What are the four different signal pathways a signal can take?

A

1.) Single Response
2.) Two Responses
3.) Cross Talk
4.) Different Response

40
Q

How do Kinases’ find substrate so quickly?

A

Scaffolding Proteins

41
Q

What do scaffolding proteins do?

A

hold proteins in a pathway together and relay large proteins in order to increase transduction efficiency

42
Q

What are the 4 inactivation mechanisms?

A

1.) Reverse Ligand Binding
2.) GTPase hydrolysis of GTP
3.) Dephosphorylation via Phosphotases
4.) cAMP hydrolysis by phosphodiesterase

43
Q
A

Biology 1500 (8 decks)

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